Finals Review Part I

The flow of energy through a community starts with the Sun, which provides energy through photosynthesis. Producers, such as plants, harness this energy and convert it into food through photosynthesis. Primary consumers, such as herbivores, consume the producers to obtain energy. Secondary consumers, such as carnivores, then feed on the primary consumers to obtain energy. This flow of energy from the Sun to producers to primary consumers and finally to secondary consumers characterizes the energy flow in a community.

After developing a hypothesis, a scientist should test or experiment next. This is because a hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction that needs to be tested in order to determine its validity. By conducting tests or experiments, scientists can gather data and evidence to support or refute their hypothesis. This step is crucial in the scientific method as it allows for the systematic and objective evaluation of the hypothesis.

The ability to move is not a characteristic of all living things. While many living organisms have the ability to move, such as animals and certain plants, there are also many organisms that are incapable of movement, such as bacteria and fungi. Movement is not essential for all living things to carry out their life processes, as they can still exhibit growth, development, response to the environment, and reproduction without the ability to move.

Each puppy inherits half of its chromosomes from its mother, so they share 50% of their chromosomes with their mother. This is because during reproduction, the mother's chromosomes are divided in half and combined with the father's chromosomes to create the offspring's genetic makeup. Therefore, each puppy receives half of its genetic material from its mother.

The manipulated (independent) variable in the experiment is the fertilizer. The scientist wants to determine if Miracle Grow will increase the number of tomatoes on the tomato plants. Therefore, the scientist manipulates the variable by adding Miracle Grow to one plant (Plant A) and not adding it to the other plant (Plant B). The purpose of this manipulation is to observe the effect of the fertilizer on the number of tomatoes produced by the plants.

An organism that cannot make its own food is called a heterotroph. Heterotrophs rely on consuming other organisms or organic matter to obtain the energy and nutrients they need for survival. They are unable to perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to produce their own food like autotrophs do. Instead, they depend on external sources of organic material to meet their nutritional requirements.

The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter. In this experiment, the % strength of hydrogen peroxide is being varied by the students, which means it is the independent variable. The students are testing how the different strengths of hydrogen peroxide affect the reaction with liver enzymes, and by changing the % strength, they are able to observe and measure the effect on the dependent variable, which is the reaction rate or outcome of the experiment.

In the context of natural selection, the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce are most likely to pass on unfavorable changes in the species. This is because individuals who are not well adapted to their environment are less likely to survive and reproduce successfully, therefore their unfavorable traits are less likely to be passed on to the next generation. On the other hand, individuals who are best adapted to survive in their environment have a higher chance of reproducing and passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring, leading to the overall improvement of the species over time.

The correct answer is to set ramps at different heights, roll the same car down each of them three times, and average the speeds from each trial. This is a controlled experiment because it only changes one variable, which is the height of the ramp. By using the same car and conducting multiple trials, the experimenter can account for any variations in the car's performance and obtain more accurate results. Averaging the speeds from each trial helps to minimize the impact of any outliers or inconsistencies in the data.

The answer "My yard has 400 acorns, 50 caterpillars, and 10 birds" best illustrates a community because it includes multiple different organisms (acorns, caterpillars, and birds) that coexist and interact with each other in a shared environment (the yard). This represents a community where different species depend on each other and their interactions contribute to the functioning of the ecosystem.

The presence of slits at the sides of the throat in the embryonic stage of fish, frogs, birds, and monkeys suggests that these animals share a common ancestor. This is because these slits develop into different structures in each of these animals, indicating that they have diverged in their evolutionary paths. The fact that fish develop gills from these slits while frogs, birds, and monkeys develop other structures further supports the idea of a common ancestor. Therefore, the best conclusion about the evolutionary histories of these animals is that they evolved from a common ancestor.

This is an example of mutualism because both the acacia tree and the particular species of ant benefit from their relationship. The ants provide defense for the tree by attacking any invaders that may harm it. In return, the tree provides shelter and food sources for the ants. Both species rely on each other for survival and benefit from the interaction.

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The responding (dependent) variable in this experiment is the number of tomatoes. It is the variable that is being measured and observed to determine the effect of adding Miracle Grow on the tomato plants. By comparing the number of tomatoes on plant A (which received Miracle Grow) and plant B (which did not receive Miracle Grow), the scientist can determine if Miracle Grow has an impact on the tomato yield.

The given scenario describes the interaction between different species such as the zebra, tsetse flies, lions, cattlebirds, and hyenas. This interaction indicates a community, which refers to a group of different populations of organisms living and interacting in the same area. In a community, different species depend on each other for resources and can have both positive and negative interactions. Therefore, the correct answer is "Community."

If a primary consumer is eliminated from a community, it would result in a decrease in the population size of a secondary consumer. This is because the primary consumer is a food source for the secondary consumer, and without the primary consumer, the secondary consumer would have less food available to them. As a result, their population size would decrease due to a lack of resources and energy.

The correct answer illustrates a population because it specifically mentions the number of brown field mice in the yard. A population refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and can potentially interbreed. In this case, the 34 brown field mice represent a population within the yard. The other options either do not mention a specific number of individuals or do not refer to a group of the same species living in a particular area.

Plant B is in the control group. In a scientific experiment, the control group is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment, in this case, the Miracle Grow. The control group is used as a baseline for comparison to determine the effects of the experimental treatment. In this experiment, plant A is the experimental group because it received the Miracle Grow, while plant B did not receive the treatment and serves as the control group. By comparing the number of tomatoes on both plants, the scientist can determine if Miracle Grow had any impact on the number of tomatoes produced.

If half of the offspring are tall and half are short, it suggests that the tall plant is heterozygous (Tt) and the short plant is homozygous recessive (tt). When these two plants are crossed, the possible genotypes of the offspring are Tt and tt. The Tt genotype would result in a tall phenotype, while the tt genotype would result in a short phenotype. Since half of the offspring are tall and half are short, it suggests that the parents were Tt and tt.

The correct order for the scientific method is to first observe a phenomenon or gather data, then ask a question or formulate a problem based on the observation. Next, a hypothesis is proposed as a possible explanation for the observed phenomenon. An experiment is then conducted to test the hypothesis, followed by analyzing the data collected from the experiment. Finally, conclusions are drawn based on the analysis of the data, which either support or reject the hypothesis.

Transpiration is the correct answer because it is a biological process in the water cycle. Transpiration is the process by which water is evaporated from plants and trees through their leaves. It is a vital process for plants as it helps in the absorption of nutrients from the soil and also cools down the plants. This water vapor then enters the atmosphere and contributes to the formation of clouds and precipitation, thus completing the water cycle.

A large vacuole is a characteristic that provides evidence that it is a plant cell and not an animal cell. Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole that helps maintain the cell's shape, store water, and regulate the cell's internal environment. Animal cells, on the other hand, have smaller or no vacuoles. Therefore, the presence of a large vacuole suggests that the cell is a plant cell.

The given answer, "A female turtle chooses a mate from two competing males," is not an example of a limiting factor because it does not impose any restrictions or limitations on the population size or growth. Limiting factors are environmental factors that restrict the growth, abundance, or distribution of a population. In this case, the female turtle's choice of a mate does not directly impact the population size or growth.

Analogous structures refer to body parts in different organisms that have a similar function but do not share a common evolutionary origin. This means that the structures evolved independently in different species to perform the same function. In the given question, the term "analogous structures" best describes the diagram because it likely represents body parts that have a similar function but evolved separately in different organisms.

The fundamental principle of the cell theory states that living organisms are made of cells. This means that all living things, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, are composed of cells as their basic structural and functional units. The cell theory also states that cells are the smallest units of life, that all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division, and that cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

Earthworms play a vital role in the ecosystem by obtaining their food from the material found in the soil, aerating the soil through their movement, and enriching it by returning nutrients. This description highlights the niche of earthworms as decomposers and ecosystem engineers, contributing to the health and fertility of the soil.