Functions Of Cytoskeletal Elements
WHO THE HELL CAARESS/!?
- 1.
In a pulse-chase procedure, if the chase is longer, whichstatement below correctly describes the location of theradioactively labeled proteins in the cell?
- A.
Closer to the synthesis site
- B.
Farther from the nucleus
- C.
Farther from the synthesis site
- D.
Closer to the nucleus
- E.
Farther from the mitochondria
Correct Answer
C. Farther from the synthesis siteExplanation
In a pulse-chase procedure, radioactively labeled proteins are initially synthesized and then chased with non-radioactive molecules. If the chase is longer, it means that more time has passed for the labeled proteins to move within the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is "farther from the synthesis site" because the labeled proteins would have had more time to move away from the site of synthesis.Rate this question:
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- 2.
You incubate liposomes with a series of purified proteinsnormally found in the coats of cell transport vesicles. Afteradding one of them to the liposome mixture, budding ofvesicles from the liposomes began. What does thismean?
- A.
Liposomes cause the protein to denature
- B.
The protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.
- C.
The protein is involved in liposome denaturation
- D.
The protein triggers protein synthesis.
- E.
The protein causes the entry of water into the liposomes
Correct Answer
B. The protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.Explanation
The correct answer suggests that the addition of the protein to the liposome mixture leads to the budding of vesicles from the liposomes. This indicates that the protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.Rate this question:
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- 3.
How and where is the asymmetry of the phospholipidbilayers initially established?
- A.
It is initially established in the Golgi complex during lipid and protein modification
- B.
It is initially established in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis.
- C.
It is initially established in the secretory vesicles during lipid and protein modification
- D.
It is initially established in the mitochondria by random insertion into the membranes.
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. It is initially established in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis.Explanation
The asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayers is initially established in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during lipid and protein synthesis. The ER is responsible for the production and modification of lipids and proteins, which are essential components of the phospholipid bilayers. As the lipids and proteins are synthesized in the ER, they are selectively incorporated into the appropriate leaflets of the bilayer, creating an asymmetric distribution. This initial establishment of asymmetry in the ER is crucial for the proper functioning of cell membranes.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as a solid,thinner structure, often organized into a branchingnetwork, and composed of actin subunits?
- A.
Microfilaments
- B.
Microtubules
- C.
Intermediate filaments
- D.
All of the above
- E.
Macrofilaments
Correct Answer
A. MicrofilamentsExplanation
Microfilaments are a type of cytoskeletal element that is described as a solid, thinner structure. They are often organized into a branching network and are composed of actin subunits. Microtubules, on the other hand, are larger and hollow structures composed of tubulin subunits. Intermediate filaments are intermediate in size and are composed of various proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is microfilaments.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is (are) made on free ribosomes?
- A.
Proteins that are to remain in the cytosol
- B.
Peripheral proteins of the inner cell membrane surface
- C.
Peripheral proteins of the outer cell membrane surface
- D.
Proteins to be transported to the nucleus
- E.
A, b and d
Correct Answer
E. A, b and dExplanation
Proteins that are to remain in the cytosol, peripheral proteins of the inner cell membrane surface, and proteins to be transported to the nucleus are made on free ribosomes. Free ribosomes are not attached to any membrane and are responsible for synthesizing proteins that function within the cytosol or are destined for the nucleus or inner cell membrane surface. Therefore, option a, b, and d are the correct answers.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which molecule below is a GTP-binding protein that isrequired for the release of a clathrin-coated vesicle fromthe membrane on which it was formed?
- A.
AP2
- B.
GGA
- C.
Clathrin
- D.
Dynamin
- E.
Opsonin
Correct Answer
D. DynaminExplanation
Dynamin is a GTP-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the release of clathrin-coated vesicles from the membrane. It uses the energy from GTP hydrolysis to constrict and pinch off the vesicle, allowing it to detach from the membrane. This process is essential for the transportation of molecules within cells and the maintenance of cellular compartments. Therefore, Dynamin is the correct answer to the question.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which endosome serves as a sorting station that directsdifferent types of receptors and ligands along differentpathways?
- A.
Medial endosomes
- B.
Late endosomes
- C.
Early lysosomes
- D.
Medial lysosomes
- E.
Early endosomes
Correct Answer
E. Early endosomesExplanation
Early endosomes serve as a sorting station that directs different types of receptors and ligands along different pathways. They receive cargo from the plasma membrane through endocytosis and sort them based on their destination. Some cargo may be recycled back to the plasma membrane, while others are transported to late endosomes and eventually to lysosomes for degradation. Therefore, early endosomes play a crucial role in regulating the intracellular trafficking of molecules and maintaining cellular homeostasis.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What determines the sequence of sugar addition toglycoproteins traveling through the Golgi complex?
- A.
Nothing - the sequence is random
- B.
The spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the Golgi complex
- C.
The concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
- D.
The sequence of sugars in the Golgi complex
Correct Answer
B. The spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the Golgi complexExplanation
The sequence of sugar addition to glycoproteins traveling through the Golgi complex is determined by the spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that come into contact with the proteins as they pass through the Golgi complex. These glycosyltransferases are responsible for adding specific sugars to the proteins, and their spatial arrangement determines the order in which the sugars are added.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which model of Golgi complex formation suggests that thecisternae of a Golgi stack remain in place as stablecompartments held together by a protein scaffold while thecargo is shuttled through the Golgi via vesicles that budfrom one compartment and fuse with a neighboring one?
- A.
The cisternal maturation model
- B.
The cargo carrying model
- C.
The vesicular transport model
- D.
The secretory transport model
- E.
The chemiosmotic model
Correct Answer
C. The vesicular transport modelExplanation
The correct answer, the vesicular transport model, suggests that the cisternae of a Golgi stack remain stable compartments held together by a protein scaffold while cargo is shuttled through the Golgi via vesicles. These vesicles bud from one compartment and then fuse with a neighboring one to transport the cargo. This model emphasizes the role of vesicles in the transport of molecules within the Golgi complex.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Why is the ER so well-suited and ideally constructed for itsrole as a port of entry for secretory proteins?
- A.
It has a large surface area allowing the attachment of many ribosomes
- B.
The ER cisternae lumen favors the folding and assembly of proteins.
- C.
The RER segregates secretory, lysosomal and plantcell vacuolar proteins from other newly made proteins, allowing their modification, and sends them to their destination.
- D.
A and c
- E.
A, b and c
Correct Answer
D. A and cExplanation
The ER is well-suited and ideally constructed for its role as a port of entry for secretory proteins because it has a large surface area, allowing the attachment of many ribosomes. This means that a high volume of protein synthesis can occur simultaneously. Additionally, the ER segregates secretory, lysosomal, and plant cell vacuolar proteins from other newly made proteins, allowing their modification and sending them to their destination. This ensures that the secretory proteins are properly processed and transported to their intended location.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A small subfamily of kinesins moves toward the minus end of amicrotubule, while the rest move toward the plus end. Whenthe neck and stalk of a minus-directed kinesin is joined to thehead of a plus-directed kinesin, in what direction will
- A.
In a retrograde direction
- B.
Toward the plus-end of the microtubule
- C.
In an anterograde direction
- D.
Towards the fastest growing end of the microtubule
- E.
C and d
Correct Answer
E. C and dExplanation
The given correct answer is "c and d" because when the neck and stalk of a minus-directed kinesin is joined to the head of a plus-directed kinesin, the resulting hybrid kinesin will have both retrograde and anterograde movement. The neck and stalk of the minus-directed kinesin will cause the hybrid kinesin to move in a retrograde direction, towards the minus end of the microtubule. At the same time, the head of the plus-directed kinesin will cause the hybrid kinesin to move in an anterograde direction, towards the fastest growing end of the microtubule. Therefore, the hybrid kinesin will have both retrograde and anterograde movement.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The heads of kinesin-like proteins have fairly closely relatedamino acid sequences but diverse tail sequences. What isthe explanation for this seeming contradiction?
- A.
The similarity of kinesin-like protein heads and the variation in their tails are purely random.
- B.
The similarity of the heads is explained by their similar roles in interacting with microtubules; the variation in the tails reflects the variety of cargoes to which they bind.
- C.
The similarity of the heads is explained by their different roles in interacting with microtubules; the variation in the tails reflects the similar cargoes to which they bind.
- D.
The similarity of the heads is explained by their similar roles in interacting with microtubules; the variation in the tails reflects the similar cargoes to which they bind
- E.
The similarity of the heads is explained by their different roles in interacting with microtubules; the variation in the tails reflects the variety of cargoes to which they bind
Correct Answer
B. The similarity of the heads is explained by their similar roles in interacting with microtubules; the variation in the tails reflects the variety of cargoes to which they bind.Explanation
The explanation for the given answer is that the heads of kinesin-like proteins have similar amino acid sequences because they have similar roles in interacting with microtubules. On the other hand, the tails of these proteins vary because they bind to different types of cargoes. This explains the seeming contradiction of closely related heads and diverse tails in kinesin-like proteins.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which type of cytoskeletal element is characterized as ahollow, rigid cylindrical tube with walls composed of tubulinsubunits
- A.
Microfilments
- B.
Microtubules
- C.
Intermediate filaments
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. MicrotubulesExplanation
Microtubules are the correct answer because they are hollow, rigid cylindrical tubes composed of tubulin subunits. They play a crucial role in cell division, intracellular transport, and maintaining cell shape. Microfilaments, on the other hand, are solid and composed of actin subunits, while intermediate filaments are also solid but made up of various proteins. Therefore, microtubules are the only option that fits the description provided.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The vesicle is targeted to the appropiate compartment by_________.
- A.
Endocytosis
- B.
Rabs
- C.
GTP binding proteins
- D.
T-snares
Correct Answer
B. RabsExplanation
Rabs are small GTP-binding proteins that play a crucial role in vesicle targeting and fusion. They are responsible for determining the specificity of vesicle trafficking by interacting with various effectors on the target compartment. Rabs act as molecular switches, cycling between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. In the active state, Rabs recruit specific tethering factors and tethered SNARE proteins, such as t-SNAREs, to facilitate the fusion of the vesicle with the appropriate compartment. Therefore, Rabs are essential for ensuring that vesicles are correctly targeted to their intended destination within the cell.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Most vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy,electron-dense coat on their ______ surface. The coatappears to be made of _______.
- A.
Luminal, lipid
- B.
Cytosolic, lipid
- C.
Cytosolic, carbohydrate
- D.
Luminal,protein
- E.
Cytosolic, protein
Correct Answer
E. Cytosolic, proteinExplanation
Vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their cytosolic surface. This coat is made of proteins.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The uptake (both specific and nonspecific) of fluid,dissolved solutes and suspended macromolecules iscalled ________.
- A.
Endocytosis
- B.
Phagocytosis
- C.
Autophagy
- D.
Exocytosis
- E.
Pinocytosis
Correct Answer
E. PinocytosisExplanation
Pinocytosis is the process by which cells take in fluid, dissolved solutes, and suspended macromolecules. It involves the formation of small vesicles at the cell membrane that engulf and internalize these substances. Unlike phagocytosis, which specifically refers to the uptake of solid particles, pinocytosis encompasses the nonspecific uptake of various substances. Autophagy refers to the degradation of cellular components, endocytosis is a general term for the uptake of material into the cell, and exocytosis is the process of releasing material from the cell.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What recognizes the signal sequence as it exits theribosome and of what is it made?
- A.
Signal recognition particle, DNA and protein
- B.
Signal recognition particle, carbohydrate and protein
- C.
SRP and its components, RNA and protein.
- D.
SRP and its components, RNA and protein.
- E.
Signal recognition protein, carbohydrate and lipid
Correct Answer
C. SRP and its components, RNA and protein.Explanation
The correct answer is SRP and its components, RNA and protein. The signal recognition particle (SRP), which is made up of RNA and protein, recognizes the signal sequence as it exits the ribosome. This signal sequence is important for targeting the protein to the correct cellular location. Therefore, the correct answer is SRP and its components, RNA and protein.Rate this question:
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- 18.
In addition to microtubule motor proteins, ________ arealso involved in vesicular transport.
- A.
Actin
- B.
Myosins
- C.
Tubulin
- D.
Dynein
- E.
Kinesin-like proteins
Correct Answer
B. MyosinsExplanation
Myosins are also involved in vesicular transport along with microtubule motor proteins. Myosins are a family of motor proteins that use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along actin filaments. They play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including vesicular transport. By interacting with vesicles, myosins can transport them to specific locations within the cell. Therefore, myosins are an important component of the cellular machinery responsible for vesicular transport.Rate this question:
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- 19.
All of the following statements about cellular trafficking aretrue EXCEPT
- A.
COPI-coated vesicles move materials from Golgi to the secretory vesicle
- B.
Tethering proteins mediate docking between target and vesicle
- C.
COPII-coated vesicles move materials from ER to Golgi
- D.
Movement may be mediated by microtubules
Correct Answer
A. COPI-coated vesicles move materials from Golgi to the secretory vesicleExplanation
The statement "COPI-coated vesicles move materials from Golgi to the secretory vesicle" is incorrect. COPI-coated vesicles actually move materials from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for recycling and maintenance of organelle identity.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is a potentially lethal situation and thus causes the triggering ofwhat process?
- A.
The polysomal response
- B.
The posttranscriptional response
- C.
The unfolded protein response (UPR)
- D.
The proteasomal response
Correct Answer
C. The unfolded protein response (UPR)Explanation
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER can lead to cellular stress and dysfunction. To counteract this, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a protective mechanism. The UPR aims to restore ER homeostasis by increasing the production of chaperone proteins that help with protein folding and degradation of misfolded proteins. It also reduces the overall protein synthesis to alleviate the burden on the ER. The UPR is crucial for cell survival and plays a role in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.Rate this question:
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- 21.
How do protein coats select the contents of the vesiclesthey help to form?
- A.
They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.
- B.
The coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane receptors for cargo proteins that reside in the donor membrane.
- C.
The coats have a specific affinity for the luminal tails of integral membrane
- D.
Receptors for cargo proteins that reside in the donor membrane.
- E.
The coat proteins directly attach to the cargo proteins in the lumen of the forming vesicles.
Correct Answer
B. The coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane receptors for cargo proteins that reside in the donor membrane.Explanation
Protein coats select the contents of the vesicles they help to form by having a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane receptors for cargo proteins that reside in the donor membrane. This means that the protein coats are attracted to and bind with the cytosolic tails of the integral membrane receptors, allowing them to selectively package the cargo proteins into the vesicles.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Kinesin movement along a microtubule is said to be________ meaning that it can move long distances alongan individual microtubule without falling off
- A.
Excessive
- B.
Progressive
- C.
Excessive
- D.
Processive
- E.
Aggressive
Correct Answer
D. ProcessiveExplanation
The correct answer is "Processive". Kinesin movement along a microtubule is described as processive because it can move long distances along an individual microtubule without falling off. This means that kinesin is able to maintain a stable attachment to the microtubule and continue its movement without interruption.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What is the supposed function of the small subfamily ofkinesins that is incapable of movement
- A.
They stabilize microtubules
- B.
They encourage depolymerization
- C.
They cause polymerization.
- D.
They block other kinesins from moving along microtubules.
- E.
They add phosphate groups to tubulin
Correct Answer
B. They encourage depolymerizationExplanation
The small subfamily of kinesins that is incapable of movement is believed to encourage depolymerization. Depolymerization refers to the process of breaking down or disassembling microtubules. These kinesins may play a role in regulating the dynamic instability of microtubules by promoting their disassembly. This function is important for cellular processes such as cell division, intracellular transport, and cell shape maintenance.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Typically, receptors for hormones or growth factors aredestroyed during endocytosis, leading to a reduction in thecell’s sensitivity to further stimulation by that particularhormone or growth factor. This is a mechanism by whichcells regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers. What is it called?
- A.
Receptor up-regulation
- B.
Receptor annihilation
- C.
Endocytic assignation
- D.
Receptor down-regulation
- E.
Super signaling
Correct Answer
D. Receptor down-regulationExplanation
Receptor down-regulation is the correct answer because it accurately describes the process in which receptors for hormones or growth factors are destroyed during endocytosis, leading to a reduction in the cell's sensitivity to further stimulation by that particular hormone or growth factor. This mechanism allows cells to regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the proteins below is(are) not made on themembrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?
- A.
Inner peripheral membrane proteins
- B.
Soluble lysosomal proteins
- C.
Vacuolar enzymes
- D.
Proteins of the extracellular matrix
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Soluble lysosomal proteinsExplanation
Soluble lysosomal proteins are not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER. The RER is responsible for synthesizing and modifying proteins that are destined for secretion, insertion into the plasma membrane, or transport to lysosomes. Soluble lysosomal proteins, on the other hand, are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and then targeted to the lysosomes for their function. Therefore, soluble lysosomal proteins are not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What circumstantial evidence supports the proposed roleof the Rabs in recruiting cytosolic tethering proteins tospecific membrane surfaces?
- A.
With over 60 Rab genes identified in humans, Rabs constitute the most diverse group of proteins involved in membrane trafficking.
- B.
Rabs have the potential of giving each cell compartment a unique surface identity
- C.
Different Rabs have been found to be associated with different membrane compartments
- D.
The preferential localization of Rabs would allow them to recruit the various proteins involved in targeting specificity.
- E.
All others are correct.
Correct Answer
E. All others are correct.Explanation
The given answer states that all of the provided statements are correct. The statements mentioned in the question support the proposed role of the Rabs in recruiting cytosolic tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces. The presence of over 60 Rab genes in humans indicates their diverse involvement in membrane trafficking. Rabs can give each cell compartment a unique surface identity, and different Rabs are associated with different membrane compartments. The preferential localization of Rabs allows them to recruit the various proteins involved in targeting specificity. Therefore, all of these statements provide circumstantial evidence supporting the proposed role of Rabs in recruiting cytosolic tethering proteins.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The production of ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondriadiffers in which of the following ways?
- A.
The protons move into the intermembrane space in chloroplasts and into the thylakoid lumen in mitochondria.
- B.
In mitochondria, the force is expressed primarily as an electrochemical potential; in chloroplasts, it is largely, if not exclusively, due to a pH gradient.
- C.
The protons move into the stroma in chloroplasts and out of the mitochondria
- D.
In mitochondria, the force is expressed primarily as a pH gradient; in chloroplasts, it is largely, if not exclusively, due to an electrochemical potential
Correct Answer
B. In mitochondria, the force is expressed primarily as an electrochemical potential; in chloroplasts, it is largely, if not exclusively, due to a pH gradient.Explanation
The correct answer explains that the production of ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria differs in terms of the force expressed. In mitochondria, the force is primarily expressed as an electrochemical potential, while in chloroplasts, it is largely, if not exclusively, due to a pH gradient. This means that the mechanism for generating ATP in these organelles involves different processes and energy gradients.Rate this question:
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- 28.
What three events occur during the light reactions ofphotosynthesis?
- A.
Reduction of oxygen, oxidation of NADPH, formation of ATP
- B.
Oxidation of water, reduction of NADP+ , formation of ATP
- C.
Oxidation of water, recuction of NADP+ , hydrolysis of ATP
- D.
Fixation of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen, synthesis of glucose
- E.
Release of oxygen, fixation of carbon dioxide, hydrolysis of ATP
Correct Answer
B. Oxidation of water, reduction of NADP+ , formation of ATPExplanation
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, three events occur. First, water molecules are oxidized, resulting in the release of oxygen. Second, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH, which serves as an electron carrier. Finally, ATP is formed through the process of phosphorylation, providing energy for the Calvin cycle. These events are crucial for the production of energy-rich molecules and the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.Rate this question:
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- 29.
A cluster of what kind of ions is responsible for passingelectrons one-at-a-time to the nearby P680+ in the reactioncenter?
- A.
A cluster of manganese ions
- B.
A cluster of 4 manganese ions and one calcium ion
- C.
A cluster of iron ions
- D.
A cluster of magnesium ions
Correct Answer
B. A cluster of 4 manganese ions and one calcium ionExplanation
A cluster of 4 manganese ions and one calcium ion is responsible for passing electrons one-at-a-time to the nearby P680+ in the reaction center. This cluster of ions acts as a catalyst in the photosystem II complex, facilitating the transfer of electrons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The manganese ions play a crucial role in the oxidation of water and the release of oxygen, while the calcium ion helps stabilize the cluster and maintain its structure.Rate this question:
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- 30.
If some Calvin cycle enzymes are treated with a reagentthat stabilizes their disulfide linkages, what effect might thetreatment have on the enzymes?
- A.
It might deactivate them
- B.
It might activate them
- C.
It might split them in two pieces
- D.
B and c are correct
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. It might deactivate themExplanation
If the Calvin cycle enzymes are treated with a reagent that stabilizes their disulfide linkages, it is likely that this treatment would deactivate the enzymes. Disulfide linkages are important for the proper folding and stability of proteins. Stabilizing these linkages may disrupt the enzyme's structure and prevent it from functioning properly. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the treatment might deactivate the enzymes.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Why does Rubisco show relatively little preference for CO2as a substrate over O2?
- A.
CO2 and O2 bind to a regulatory site instead of the active site.
- B.
Rubisco binds to a regulatory site.
- C.
Both CO2 and O2 bind directly to Rubisco's active site.
- D.
CO2 and O2 bind to RuBP, which occupies the active site; their ability to attack RuBP is roughly equal.
Correct Answer
D. CO2 and O2 bind to RuBP, which occupies the active site; their ability to attack RuBP is roughly equal.Explanation
Rubisco shows relatively little preference for CO2 as a substrate over O2 because both CO2 and O2 bind to RuBP, which occupies the active site of Rubisco. This means that their ability to attack RuBP is roughly equal, resulting in a lower specificity for CO2 as a substrate.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The _____________ is the portion of the chloroplasts thatcontains the enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis.
- A.
Stroma
- B.
Thylakoid membrane
- C.
Cytosol
- D.
Lumen
- E.
Grana
Correct Answer
A. StromaExplanation
The stroma is the correct answer because it is the portion of the chloroplasts that contains the enzymes for carbohydrate synthesis. The stroma is a gel-like substance that surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is where the Calvin cycle takes place, which is responsible for converting carbon dioxide into glucose. The enzymes required for this process are located in the stroma, making it the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 33.
The proton gradient in the chloroplast is formed ________
- A.
As a response to mitochondria ATP generation
- B.
When water is split during the generation of CO2
- C.
When a proton moves from the stroma to plastoquinol in the thylakoid membrane
- D.
When a proton leaves the thylakoid to the stroma
Correct Answer
C. When a proton moves from the stroma to plastoquinol in the thylakoid membraneExplanation
The correct answer is when a proton moves from the stroma to plastoquinol in the thylakoid membrane. In the chloroplast, the proton gradient is formed by the movement of protons from the stroma (the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast) to plastoquinol in the thylakoid membrane. This movement of protons is driven by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where light energy is used to split water and generate ATP and NADPH. The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient that is essential for the synthesis of ATP during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.Rate this question:
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- 34.
You are growing algae in culture and expose them to H2Ocontaining radiolabeled O. Where does the radiolabeledoxygen end up after photosynthesis?
- A.
Oxygen
- B.
Carbohydrates
- C.
Both carbohydrates and oxygen
- D.
Water
- E.
Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer
B. CarbohydratesExplanation
During photosynthesis, plants use water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and carbohydrates. The radiolabeled oxygen used in this experiment would end up in the carbohydrates produced by the algae. Therefore, the correct answer is "both carbohydrates and oxygen."Rate this question:
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- 35.
A protein is destined to be secreted from a cell. In which ofthe following organelles would you expect to find theprotein first?
- A.
Endosome
- B.
Secretory vesicle
- C.
Lysosome
- D.
Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer
D. Golgi apparatusExplanation
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion. Therefore, it is expected that a protein destined to be secreted from a cell would first be found in the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and further modifies them before packaging them into secretory vesicles for transport to the cell membrane for secretion. The endosome and lysosome are involved in intracellular digestion and recycling of cellular components, while secretory vesicles are the transport vesicles that carry proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane.Rate this question:
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- 36.
You want to engineer a yeast cell manufacture and secretea bacterial protein product. To do this properly, you needto make certain that
- A.
The appropriate signal sequence is present
- B.
Mannose-6-phosphate is added to the protein.
- C.
The yeast cell is capable of phagocytosis
- D.
Plenty of clathrin-coated pits may be formed.
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
B. Mannose-6-phosphate is added to the protein.Explanation
To engineer a yeast cell to manufacture and secrete a bacterial protein product, it is important to ensure that mannose-6-phosphate is added to the protein. Mannose-6-phosphate acts as a signal for targeting the protein to the lysosomes, where it can be properly processed and secreted. This modification is crucial for the correct trafficking and secretion of the protein product. The presence of the appropriate signal sequence and the yeast cell's capability of phagocytosis and clathrin-coated pit formation are not directly related to the manufacturing and secretion of the bacterial protein product in this context.Rate this question:
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- 37.
The continuous release of mucus by the epithelial cellslining the respiratory tract is an example of
- A.
Constitutive secretion
- B.
Phagocytosis.
- C.
Regulated secretion.
- D.
The formation of clathrin-coated pits.
- E.
The mucus response
Correct Answer
A. Constitutive secretionExplanation
The continuous release of mucus by the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract is an example of constitutive secretion. Constitutive secretion refers to the continuous release of substances by cells without the need for specific stimuli or regulation. In this case, the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract continuously produce and release mucus to help trap and remove foreign particles and protect the respiratory system. This process occurs constantly, regardless of any external signals or triggers.Rate this question:
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- 38.
A radioactively labeled protein is made by cells andfollowed through the various organelles in the secretorypathway. After six hours, all of the radioactivity is stillprimarily in the Golgi apparatus. This suggests that the
- A.
Protein possesses a signal for localization within the Golgi apparatus
- B.
Protein does not possess a signal peptide for localization within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- C.
Protein was not translated by the ribosomes.
- D.
Secretory vesicles are not fusing with the plasma membrane
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. Protein possesses a signal for localization within the Golgi apparatusExplanation
The fact that all of the radioactivity is still primarily in the Golgi apparatus after six hours suggests that the protein possesses a signal for localization within the Golgi apparatus. This means that there is a specific sequence or signal within the protein that directs it to be transported and localized within the Golgi apparatus. If the protein did not possess this signal, it would not be retained in the Golgi apparatus and would be transported to other organelles or secreted out of the cell.Rate this question:
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- 39.
The proteins of bacteria were radioactively labeled and fedto phagocytic cells. The proteins within the phagocytic cellbecame increasingly more radioactive over time. Thisobservation is the result of the activity of
- A.
Chloroplasts
- B.
Peroxisomes.
- C.
The Golgi apparatus
- D.
Mitochondria
- E.
Lysosomes.
Correct Answer
E. Lysosomes.Explanation
Lysosomes are organelles within cells that contain digestive enzymes. When phagocytic cells engulf bacteria, the lysosomes fuse with the phagosome (the membrane-bound compartment containing the bacteria) and release their enzymes to break down the bacteria. In this experiment, the radioactive proteins from the bacteria would be broken down by the enzymes within the lysosomes, causing the lysosomes to become increasingly more radioactive over time. Therefore, the observation of increasing radioactivity in the proteins within the phagocytic cells is the result of the activity of lysosomes.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The electrons in the light reactions are ultimately comingfrom
- A.
Carbon dioxide
- B.
Water
- C.
Oxygen
- D.
Glucose
Correct Answer
B. WaterExplanation
In the light reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split into oxygen, protons, and electrons. These electrons are then used to generate energy-rich molecules such as ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the synthesis of glucose during the Calvin cycle. Therefore, the electrons in the light reactions ultimately come from water.Rate this question:
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- 41.
You have isolated a new plant that has yellow leaves.What color(s) is/are being absorbed?
- A.
Yellow
- B.
All colors including yellow
- C.
All colors except yellow
- D.
No colors are absorbed; they are only scattered
- E.
It cannot be determined from the given information
Correct Answer
C. All colors except yellowExplanation
The correct answer is all colors except yellow. This means that the plant is absorbing all colors of light except for yellow, which is why its leaves appear yellow.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The light reactions of photosynthesis form both ATP andNADPH.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The light reactions of photosynthesis involve the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These energy-rich molecules are essential for the subsequent dark reactions of photosynthesis, where they provide the necessary energy and reducing power to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. Therefore, it is true that the light reactions of photosynthesis form both ATP and NADPH.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The energy released by proton movement through ATPsynthase ___________.
- A.
Directly phosphorylates ATP to ADP
- B.
Increases the binding affinity of the active site for the ATP product
- C.
Directly phosphorylates ADP to ATP
- D.
Directly phosphorylates ATP to ADP
Correct Answer
C. Directly phosphorylates ADP to ATPExplanation
The energy released by proton movement through ATPsynthase directly phosphorylates ADP to ATP.Rate this question:
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- 44.
What would happened if the ã (gamma)-subunit of the ATPsynthase is not working?
- A.
ATP synthesis continues
- B.
All the b(beta)-subunits will be in the same conformation
- C.
The b(beta)-subunits will be in different conformations and will change as normal
- D.
The b(beta)-subunits will be in different conformations and will not change as normal
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. All the b(beta)-subunits will be in the same conformationExplanation
If the γ (gamma)-subunit of the ATPsynthase is not working, it means that it is unable to rotate. The γ-subunit is responsible for rotating the b (beta)-subunits, which are the sites where ATP synthesis occurs. Without the rotation of the γ-subunit, the b-subunits will be locked in the same conformation and unable to change as normal. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the b-subunits will be in the same conformation.Rate this question:
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- 45.
The O conformation of ATP synthase catalytic sites________.
- A.
Has a very low affinity for nucleotides
- B.
A and e
- C.
Has a very low affinity for proteins
- D.
Binds ATP, ADP and inorganic phosphate groups tightly
- E.
Very tightly binds ADP and an inorganic phosphate group
Correct Answer
A. Has a very low affinity for nucleotidesExplanation
The O conformation of ATP synthase catalytic sites has a very low affinity for nucleotides. This means that the O conformation does not bind nucleotides tightly.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Phospholipids are made by integral ER membraneenzymes whose active sites face the cytosol and they areinserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ERmembrane. How then do lipids destined for the luminalleaflet of the ER membrane get there?
- A.
They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet
- B.
There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet
- C.
They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side.
- D.
They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis
- E.
There are enzymes called translocases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet
Correct Answer
B. There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leafletExplanation
The question asks how lipids destined for the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane get there, implying that they are initially inserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet. The correct answer states that there are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet. This means that the flippases help transport the lipids from the outer leaflet to the luminal leaflet by flipping them across the membrane.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Why are plants unlikely to produce many carbohydrates atnight?
- A.
Selected Calvin cylce enzymes are immobilized at night
- B.
Selected Calvin cycle enzymes are inactive in the dark because thioredoxin is oxidized
- C.
Selected Calvin cycle enzymes are inactive in the dark because they denature at night
- D.
Chloroplasts shrink at night
- E.
Selected Calvin cycle enzymes are inactive in the dark because thioredoxin is reduced
Correct Answer
B. Selected Calvin cycle enzymes are inactive in the dark because thioredoxin is oxidizedExplanation
Plants are unlikely to produce many carbohydrates at night because selected Calvin cycle enzymes are inactive in the dark due to the oxidation of thioredoxin. Thioredoxin plays a crucial role in activating these enzymes, and when it becomes oxidized, it is unable to fulfill its function. As a result, the Calvin cycle, which is responsible for carbohydrate production, is unable to proceed effectively during the night.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Formation of ATP during photosynthesis that does notgenerate oxygen is referred to as cyclicphotophosphorylation because _______.
- A.
Protons follow a linear path during the process
- B.
Electrons follow a circular path during the process
- C.
Protons originate in PSI and end up there after passage from molecule to molecule
- D.
Move protons against their gradient
- E.
Electrons leave PSI after light absorption, flow through a number of proteins and end up back in PSI
Correct Answer
D. Move protons against their gradientExplanation
During cyclic photophosphorylation, protons are moved against their gradient. This means that they are transported from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, which requires energy. This movement of protons against their concentration gradient is essential for the synthesis of ATP. It is referred to as cyclic photophosphorylation because the process involves the movement of electrons in a circular path, starting from PSI and ending up back in PSI after passing through a number of proteins.Rate this question:
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- 49.
The energy expended during the formation of ATP by ATPsynthase is required to _______.
- A.
Attach the phosphate group to ADP
- B.
Attach the phosphate group to ATP
- C.
Release the tightly bound ATP from the ATP synthase catalytic site
- D.
Attach the tightly bound ATP to the ATP synthase catalytic site
Correct Answer
C. Release the tightly bound ATP from the ATP synthase catalytic siteExplanation
The energy expended during the formation of ATP by ATPsynthase is required to release the tightly bound ATP from the ATP synthase catalytic site.Rate this question:
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- 50.
The three catalytic sites of ATP synthase ___________.
- A.
Pass sequentially through their three different conformations
- B.
At any one time are present in different conformations
- C.
Have different substrate binding affinities
- D.
Have different product binding affinities
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the aboveExplanation
The three catalytic sites of ATP synthase can pass sequentially through their three different conformations, meaning that they can transition from one conformation to another in a specific order. Additionally, these sites can be present in different conformations at any one time, indicating that they may not all be in the same conformation simultaneously. Moreover, each catalytic site may have different substrate binding affinities, meaning that they may bind to different substrates with varying strengths. Lastly, the catalytic sites may also have different product binding affinities, suggesting that they may bind to the products of the reaction with different strengths. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct.Rate this question:
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