Physio Exam 3 Respiratory

The correct functions of the respiratory system include providing the body with oxygen, eliminating carbon dioxide, regulating acid-base balance, olfaction (smelling), and vocalization. Pumping blood throughout the body is a function of the circulatory system, digesting food is a function of the digestive system, and regulating body temperature is a function of the thermoregulation system.

The correct answer involves the processes of ventilation, gas exchange between alveoli and blood, gas transport in blood, and gas exchange at tissue level to provide the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system consists of organs such as the nasal & oral cavities, pharynx/larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs. Organs like the stomach, kidneys, and liver are not part of the respiratory system.

Paris is the capital of France, not London, Berlin, or Rome.

The terminal bronchioles lead to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

Paris is the capital of France, while London is the capital of the United Kingdom, Berlin is the capital of Germany, and Madrid is the capital of Spain.

Paris is the capital city of France, known for its iconic landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and Louvre Museum.

Mars is referred to as the Red Planet due to its reddish appearance, caused by iron oxide (rust) on its surface.

The correct diameter of the microscopic site of gas exchange is typically around .3 mm due to the efficient exchange of gases in such small spaces.

The correct answer is 300 million alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Alveoli are composed of Type I cells, Type II cells, and macrophages, which play essential roles in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

Type I cells are specifically involved in gas exchange across the respiratory membrane, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.

The respiratory membrane is composed of type I cell epithelium (lining the alveoli) and capillary endothelium (lining the surrounding capillaries), with a thickness of 0.5 - 1x10^-6 meters. This thin barrier allows for efficient gas exchange between the respiratory system and the circulatory system.

Type II cells in the lungs are responsible for producing and secreting surfactant, a substance that helps reduce the surface tension in the alveoli and prevents their collapse during exhalation.

Macrophages are immune cells that function primarily in phagocytosis, the process of engulfing and digesting cellular debris and foreign substances.

Ventilation specifically refers to the process of moving air into and out of the lungs through inspiration and expiration.

Ventilation relies on the process of inhalation and exhalation driven by pressure gradients created by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which act like a pump to facilitate the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

In ventilation, the pressures involved include atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, and intrapleural pressure. These pressures play a critical role in the mechanics of breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure. It is essential for maintaining lung expansion and preventing lung collapse.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 760 mmHg.

Intrapulmonary pressure refers to the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, which changes based on the process of inspiration and expiration. It equalizes with atmospheric pressure at certain points during ventilation.

Intrapleural pressure specifically refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity, which is the space between the outside surface of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity. It is not a pressure measurement within the lungs, blood vessels surrounding the lungs, or the abdominal cavity.

Transpulmonary pressure is calculated by subtracting the intrapleural pressure from the intrapulmonary pressure. This is important for ensuring proper lung function as a positive transpulmonary pressure value is necessary to prevent lung collapse.

The pleural cavity is lined with simple squamous epithelial cells and loose connective tissue, specifically known as visceral pleura (covering the lungs) and parietal pleura (lining the chest cavity).

Visceral pleura specifically refers to the membrane that covers the outside surface of the lungs, providing protection and support.

Pleural fluid plays a crucial role in the structure and function of the lungs by creating surface tension that enables the movement of the lungs with the chest wall.

Positive transpulmonary pressure and surface tension of pleural fluid are key factors that help keep the lungs open by preventing collapse of the alveoli. Excess carbon dioxide in the alveoli, elasticity of bronchial tubes, and negative transpulmonary pressure do not directly contribute to keeping the lungs open.

Pneumothorax is a condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity, the space between the lung and the chest wall. This can lead to lung collapse and difficulty breathing.