Parasitic Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment

Parasites that can form cysts are more likely to survive outside the host by withstanding harsh environments.

The correct answer describes the discharge associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection, which presents as foul-smelling and green. The other options do not align with the specific characteristics of this type of infection

African sleeping sickness is characterized by recurring fevers, a painful bite from the tsetse fly transmitting trypomastigotes, and specific treatments for different forms of the disease.

Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm, is the most common helminth infection in the United States. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is treated with medications like Bendazole and pyrantel pamoate. Treating the entire family is crucial in controlling the spread of the infection.

The image shows the SCHIZONT form that contains Meorozoites of P.ovale. The correct characteristic for P.Vivax/Ovale is Schuffner Stippling in RBC cytoplasm.

The correct treatment for malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquito is Chloroquine as the first line, along with other medications listed in the correct answer. Antibiotics, pain relievers, and antifungal medications are not recommended treatments for malaria.

Leishmania Donovani is the correct answer as it commonly presents with hyperpigmentation of skin and self-healing ulcers. The visceral form presents with hepatosplenomegaly, spiking fever, and pancytopenia. Treatment includes Amphotericin B or sodium stibogluconate.

The Duffy protein plays a significant role as the receptor for P. vivax, allowing the parasite to invade red blood cells. Mutations in the Duffy protein can render individuals resistant to P. vivax infection.

Cryptosporidium spp. causes severe diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, while Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora cayetanensis typically do not present with severe symptoms in immunocompromised patients.

The correct answer provides information specific to the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by blackfly bites, along with the appropriate treatment using IVERMECTIN. The incorrect answers present misinformation about other diseases or claim that blackflies do not transmit any diseases, which is inaccurate.

The correct answer is Loa Loa, transmitted through the bite of specific flies, and treated with Diethylcarbamazine which can complicate with brain inflammation.

The correct transmission mode for Wuchereria Bancrofti is through a Female Mosquito, not through fecal oral or female fly transmission mechanisms.

D.latum tapeworm infection occurs primarily through ingestion of larvae from freshwater fish, making the consumption of raw freshwater fish the likely exposure. This tapeworm specifically causes B12 deficiency by feeding on it, resulting in neurologic deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia.

Echinococcus granulosus has SHEEP as the intermediate host and dogs as the definitive hosts. The treatment is ALBENDAZOLE. Before removing the hydatid cyst, injecting hyperosmolar solution is necessary to prevent anaphylaxis due to type I hypersensitivity.

Enterobius vermicularis, also known as pinworm, is a common parasitic infection in humans, particularly children. The typical presentation includes anal itching, especially at night. The diagnosis is often made through the 'Scotch tape test' where a piece of transparent tape is applied to the perianal region and then examined under a microscope for eggs. Treatment options include albendazole or pyrantel pamoate.

The correct answer provides a detailed explanation of the different presentations caused by the Anopheles mosquito bite and the specific symptoms associated with different causative agents of malaria. The incorrect answers do not align with the typical symptoms of malaria transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.

Trichinella spiralis is a roundworm parasite that causes symptoms like muscle pain and periorbital edema after ingesting undercooked pork. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding larvae in a muscle biopsy, not in stool samples. Allergic reactions to pork proteins do not typically present with these symptoms, and bacterial infections would not produce migrating larvae causing muscle pain.

Toxoplasma gondii is known for its rapid division and high yield presentations, especially in patients with HIV. It can be transmitted through meat consumption or exposure to cat feces. Treatment typically involves a combination of Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine.

The correct answer discusses the potential invasion of the brain by Naegleria fowleri through the cribiform plate, leading to rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis. The incorrect answers do not align with the specific consequences described in the question.

The correct answer explains that ingesting eggs contaminated with human feces can lead to severe infection with Cysticercosis, highlighting the importance of differentiating this from Larvae encysted in undercooked meat. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the outcomes of ingesting Larvae or Eggs.

The correct treatment for a child with Iron deficiency anemia due to hookworm infection is Albendazole/Mebendazole, as hookworms like Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator Americanus often lead to this condition in individuals who play outside barefoot.