Exploring the Structure and Development of the Placenta

The image shows various structures in a cross-section. The correct answer describes the different components accurately. The incorrect answers provided are unrelated to the structures visible in the image.

The early placenta consists of villi, trophoblast, and lacunae where maternal blood is present.

In embryonic development, the outer surface of all villi is characterized by syncytiotrophoblast, a mass of protoplasm containing nuclei, cytotrophoblast in cuboidal epithelium form, and a central core of connective tissue. This structure plays a crucial role in nutrient and gas exchange between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems during pregnancy.

In a tertiary villus of the placenta, the layer of syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and fetal capillaries with mature blood cells are present to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and the fetus.

The image depicts a mature or late term placenta with numerous villi shown, along with chorionic villi, intervillus space filled with maternal blood, and cytotrophoblast. The presence of syncytial knots indicates the placenta is in a late stage of development.

The correct term for a thinned-down tertiary villus with a syncytial knot is Syncytial knot- cyto thinned downTertiary villus. Decidualized stroma with necrosis, Spiral arteries with atherosis, and Submucosal hemorrhage in the basal decidua are not the appropriate terms for this description.

During pregnancy, maternal blood flows through the intervillous space surrounding the chorionic villi in the placenta, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems.

The placental barrier is mainly composed of syncytiotrophoblast, cyto- cells, fetal capillaries with fetal blood cells, and other components like basal lamina and endothelium. These structures together form a selective barrier that allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulations, while still providing protection for the developing fetus.

The cytotrophoblast is a layer of cells in the developing placenta. On the left side of the cytotrophoblast, microvilli are present to absorb nutrients from the maternal blood supply. The incorrect answers do not accurately describe structures found on the left side of the cytotrophoblast.

The thinnest portion of the placental barrier is located on the right side, which includes fetal blood and capillary. This area consists of the Endothelium, basal lamina of capillary, and syncitio-Trophoblast itself, allowing for efficient exchange between fetal and maternal blood.

Syncitia are cells in different tissues that share a cytoplasm. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is involved in protein synthesis, and Coated Vesicles are responsible for transporting molecules within the cell.

Paris is the capital city of France. Berlin is the capital of Germany, Madrid is the capital of Spain, and Rome is the capital of Italy.

The correct observation on the fetal surface of the placenta is the amnion covering the chorionic plate on the left side. This characteristic helps in identifying the fetal surface of the placenta. The incorrect options provide descriptions of observations that are not typically seen on the fetal surface of the placenta.

The correct answer describes specific structures observed in 2 views of 2 sides of the placenta, involving features of both the fetal and maternal sides. The incorrect answers do not accurately depict what can be seen in this context.

The fetus is connected to the placenta through the umbilical cord, which consists of a single umbilical vein carrying oxygen-rich blood and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus, and two umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta.

The nipple is specialized for the special function of suckling by infants, with adaptations such as long dermal papilla, smooth muscle contributing to nipple erection for latch, sebaceous glands on the bottom, and Montgomery glands on the areola.

The functional cells of the mammary gland are the parenchyma, responsible for secretion and responding to hormonal changes during pregnancy, not the myofibrils, stroma, or endothelial cells.

The correct answer describes the interlobular connective tissue that separates lobules in the mammary gland and signifies an inactive gland. The interlobular tissue is a key feature in identifying the structure of the gland.

An inactive mammary gland lacks secretory alveoli and has ducts but no secretory component. Estrogen stimulates the ducts to form alveoli in an inactive gland.

White adipose glands are primarily storage depots for energy in the form of fat. They contain large adipocytes filled with lipids and are generally considered inactive compared to brown adipose tissue.

The correct answer refers to the specific location of inactive gland ducts, which are different from the other options provided.

During the second state of proliferation in the breast, various changes occur as mentioned in the correct answer. This includes the production of estrogen, secretion of alveoli with hormones like progesterone, prolactin, and hcg, increase in lobule size, increase in the number of cross-sectional profiles, increase in CT cells, and depression of adipose tissue.

Glands that produce a large amount of secretory product typically have larger ducts to accommodate the volume of secretion. Smaller ducts with excretory product, medium-sized ducts with exocrine product, and tiny ducts with endocrine substances are less likely to be associated with glands producing high amounts of secretory products.

The correct answer describes the process of cells producing milk in alveoli by concentrating lipid for milk.

Cell growth and DNA replication primarily occur in the proliferative phase of the cell cycle. Mitotic phase is focused on cell division, G0 phase is a resting phase, and apoptotic phase is programmed cell death.

After a 6-month gestation period, the secretory product consists of pink material, which is the protein component, while the white and washed out material is lipid.