Exam 3 - Lower & Upper Extremity Venous - 2
26-50
- 1.
Flow in normal competent perforating veins shoudl be from
- A.
Superficial to deep
- B.
Deep to superficial
- C.
Exhibit reversal
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Superficial to deepExplanation
In normal competent perforating veins, the flow should be from superficial to deep. This means that blood should flow from the veins closer to the surface of the body towards the veins that are deeper within the body. This direction of flow allows for efficient circulation and helps to prevent blood from pooling in the superficial veins.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The valves of the vein extend from which portion of the venous wall?
- A.
Adventitia
- B.
Media
- C.
Intima
- D.
Venae comitantes
Correct Answer
C. IntimaExplanation
The correct answer is "intima" because the valves of the vein are located within the innermost layer of the venous wall, known as the intima. The intima is responsible for maintaining the structure and function of the vein, including the presence of valves that prevent the backward flow of blood. The adventitia, media, and venae comitantes are other layers of the venous wall, but they do not house the valves.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which of the following describes the weight of a column of blood extending from the heart?
- A.
Potential energy
- B.
Hydrostatic pressure
- C.
Kinetic energy
- D.
Mass effect
Correct Answer
B. Hydrostatic pressureExplanation
Hydrostatic pressure is the correct answer because it accurately describes the weight of a column of blood extending from the heart. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity. In the case of blood, the weight of the column of blood creates pressure within the blood vessels, which helps to maintain blood flow and circulation throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 4.
When the radial and ulnar converge, what vein do they form?
- A.
The cephalic vein
- B.
The basilic vein
- C.
The brachial vein
- D.
The axillary vein
Correct Answer
C. The brachial veinExplanation
When the radial and ulnar veins converge, they form the brachial vein. The brachial vein is a large vein located in the upper arm, and it is responsible for draining blood from the forearm and hand. It runs alongside the brachial artery and eventually merges with other veins to form the axillary vein.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is NOT related to hypercoaguability of blood?
- A.
Bed rest
- B.
Myeloproliferative disorders
- C.
Estrogen intake
- D.
Cancer
Correct Answer
A. Bed restExplanation
Bed rest is not related to hypercoagulability of blood. Hypercoagulability refers to an increased tendency of blood to clot, which can lead to conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Myeloproliferative disorders, estrogen intake, and cancer are all known to be associated with hypercoagulability. However, bed rest, although it may increase the risk of certain complications like muscle atrophy or blood pooling, does not directly cause hypercoagulability.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Of the following, which must be considered as a differential diagnosis for DVT prior to duplex ultrasound imaging?
- A.
Muscle tear
- B.
Baker's cyst
- C.
Extrinsic compression
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the options mentioned (muscle tear, Baker's cyst, extrinsic compression) can present with symptoms similar to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). A muscle tear can cause pain and swelling, similar to DVT. A Baker's cyst, which is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee, can also cause swelling and pain in the leg, mimicking DVT. Extrinsic compression, such as from a tumor or enlarged lymph node, can also lead to symptoms similar to DVT. Therefore, all of these conditions need to be considered as potential differential diagnoses before confirming DVT through duplex ultrasound imaging.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Skin changes that are consistent with a patient history that includes repeated episodes of DVT are
- A.
Edema
- B.
Redness
- C.
Brawny discoloration in gaiter zone
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Skin changes that are consistent with a patient history that includes repeated episodes of DVT are edema, redness, and brawny discoloration in the gaiter zone. Edema refers to swelling caused by fluid buildup, which can occur in DVT cases. Redness is a common sign of inflammation, which can be present in the affected area. Brawny discoloration in the gaiter zone refers to a dark, discolored, and hardened skin appearance, often seen in chronic venous insufficiency associated with DVT. Therefore, all of the above options are correct in this case.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Valvular incompetence may cause which of the following?
- A.
Increased systolic and diastolic arterial velocities
- B.
Increased arterial pressure in the ankles
- C.
Increased venous pressure in the legs when erect or walking
- D.
Pulsatility in venous flow patterns
Correct Answer
C. Increased venous pressure in the legs when erect or walkingExplanation
Valvular incompetence refers to the inability of the valves in the veins to properly close, leading to blood flowing backwards. This can cause increased venous pressure in the legs when the person is standing upright or walking. When the valves are not functioning properly, blood can pool in the legs, leading to the increased pressure. This can result in symptoms such as swelling, pain, and varicose veins. Increased systolic and diastolic arterial velocities, increased arterial pressure in the ankles, and pulsatility in venous flow patterns are not directly associated with valvular incompetence.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens is a very severe condition. Which of the following describes this condition?
- A.
Acute thrombus in the superficial saphenous vein
- B.
Extensive thrombus throughout the deep venous system
- C.
Arterial spasms secondary to acute thrombus in iliofermoral veins
- D.
Widespread incompetence of perforators with back up into the superficial system
Correct Answer
C. Arterial spasms secondary to acute thrombus in iliofermoral veinsExplanation
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens is a condition characterized by arterial spasms that occur as a result of acute thrombus formation in the iliofermoral veins. This condition causes severe pain, pallor, and swelling in the affected limb. The arterial spasms can lead to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the tissues, causing further complications. It is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Of the following statements, which is TRUE of venous ulcers?
- A.
Are regular and deep
- B.
Are very painful
- C.
Varicosities and brawny discoloration may be present as well
- D.
Exhibit little bleeding
Correct Answer
C. Varicosities and brawny discoloration may be present as wellExplanation
Venous ulcers are characterized by the presence of varicosities and brawny discoloration. This means that the affected area may have enlarged and twisted veins (varicosities) and a dark, discolored skin (brawny discoloration). These ulcers are typically painless and may exhibit little bleeding.Rate this question:
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- 11.
In the patient with acute DVT who cannot tolerate anticoagulation therapy, which of the following treatments may be used?
- A.
Venal caval interruption device
- B.
Put the patient on Coumadin
- C.
Ligation of the deep veins of the leg
- D.
Require that the patient exercise the leg regularly
Correct Answer
A. Venal caval interruption deviceExplanation
In patients with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) who cannot tolerate anticoagulation therapy, a venal caval interruption device may be used as a treatment option. This device is inserted into the vena cava, a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart, to prevent blood clots from traveling to the lungs. This intervention is typically considered when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated or ineffective. Other options such as putting the patient on Coumadin (an anticoagulant), ligation of the deep veins of the leg, or requiring regular leg exercise may not be suitable or effective in this specific scenario.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The greatest number of valves is found in which of the following veins?
- A.
Iliac veins
- B.
Greater saphenous veins
- C.
Common femoral veins
- D.
Superficial femoral veins
Correct Answer
B. Greater saphenous veinsExplanation
The greater saphenous veins have the greatest number of valves compared to the other veins listed. These veins are located in the legs and are responsible for draining blood from the superficial tissues back to the heart. The valves in the greater saphenous veins help to prevent backflow of blood and ensure that it flows in the correct direction towards the heart.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A possible testing method to rule out deep vein thrombosis is contrast phlebography (venography). Which of the following statements best describes this testing modality?
- A.
Contrast is injected ino the veins and filling defects can be seen on X ray film
- B.
I labeled fibrinogen is injected into the patient and is absorbed by the thrombus
- C.
A catheter is inserted into the CFV and a balloon device is used to break up thrombus is present
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Contrast is injected ino the veins and filling defects can be seen on X ray filmExplanation
Contrast phlebography involves injecting contrast into the veins, which allows for the visualization of any filling defects on X-ray film. This method helps to rule out deep vein thrombosis by identifying any blockages or abnormalities in the veins. By examining the X-ray film, healthcare professionals can determine if there are any signs of thrombus formation, which can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.Rate this question:
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- 14.
In duplex ultrasound testing for venous reflux, all of the following techniques are beneficial in diagnosis EXCEPT
- A.
Observance of color change from blue to red
- B.
Flow crosses baseline with valsalva maneuver
- C.
Squeezing the limb proximally causes flow reversal on the spectral waveform
- D.
Observance that flow velocities are increased
Correct Answer
D. Observance that flow velocities are increasedExplanation
In duplex ultrasound testing for venous reflux, all of the given techniques are beneficial in diagnosis except for the observance that flow velocities are increased. This is because increased flow velocities can actually indicate normal venous flow rather than venous reflux. The other techniques mentioned, such as observing color change from blue to red, flow crossing the baseline with the valsalva maneuver, and squeezing the limb proximally causing flow reversal on the spectral waveform, are all helpful in diagnosing venous reflux.Rate this question:
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- 15.
When venous reflux lasts more than one second following the release of compression distally, this strongly suggest
- A.
Competent venous valves
- B.
Incompetent venous valves
- C.
An indeterminate finding for valvular competence
- D.
Thrombus is present
Correct Answer
B. Incompetent venous valvesExplanation
When venous reflux lasts more than one second following the release of compression distally, it strongly suggests incompetent venous valves. This means that the valves in the veins are not functioning properly and are unable to prevent the backflow of blood. This can lead to venous insufficiency and other related conditions.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Whic of the follwing findings using PPG testing for venous insufficiency indicates that the venous valves are competent
- A.
The veins refill quickly (less than 20 seconds) after exercise
- B.
The veins refill slowly (exceeding 20 seconds) after exercise
- C.
The veins continue to empty after exercise
- D.
The veins do not empty after exercise
Correct Answer
B. The veins refill slowly (exceeding 20 seconds) after exerciseExplanation
The correct answer is "the veins refill slowly (exceeding 20 seconds) after exercise." This indicates that the venous valves are competent because it takes longer for blood to return to the veins after exercise. Competent venous valves prevent blood from flowing backwards, allowing it to accumulate in the veins and causing a slower refill time.Rate this question:
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- 17.
All of the following veins of the upper extremity are deep veins EXCEPT the
- A.
Basilic vein
- B.
Brachial vein
- C.
Axillary vein
- D.
Digital vein
Correct Answer
A. Basilic veinExplanation
The basilic vein is not a deep vein of the upper extremity. The brachial vein, axillary vein, and digital vein are all deep veins.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The cephalic vein travels on the _______ side of the arm
- A.
Medial
- B.
Anterior
- C.
Posterior
- D.
Lateral
Correct Answer
D. LateralExplanation
The cephalic vein travels on the lateral side of the arm.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The right and left innominate veins join to form the
- A.
Internal jugular vein
- B.
Subclavian vein
- C.
Anterior jugular vein
- D.
Superior vena cave
Correct Answer
D. Superior vena caveExplanation
The correct answer is superior vena cava. The right and left innominate veins, also known as the brachiocephalic veins, merge together to form the superior vena cava. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart. It is responsible for returning blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and upper chest back to the heart.Rate this question:
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- 20.
DVT in the veins of the arms is much less common than in the veins of the leg. All of the following are likely causes of upper extremity DVT EXCEPT
- A.
Fibrosis due to radiation theraphy
- B.
IV drug abuse
- C.
Periods of inactivity
- D.
Venous thoracic outlet compression
Correct Answer
C. Periods of inactivityExplanation
Upper extremity DVT refers to the formation of blood clots in the veins of the arms. This condition is less common in the arms compared to the legs. The likely causes of upper extremity DVT include fibrosis due to radiation therapy, IV drug abuse, and venous thoracic outlet compression. However, periods of inactivity are not a likely cause of upper extremity DVT. Inactivity can contribute to DVT in the legs, but it is not a common cause for DVT in the arms.Rate this question:
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- 21.
With inspiration, flow in the veins of the upper extremity
- A.
Increases
- B.
Decreases
- C.
Does not change
Correct Answer
A. IncreasesExplanation
The statement suggests that with inspiration, there is an increase in the flow of blood in the veins of the upper extremity. This is because during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. This expansion leads to a decrease in pressure within the thoracic cavity, which in turn promotes venous return and increases blood flow in the veins of the upper extremity.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following vessels are candidates for harvest as bypass graft material?
- A.
Radial artery
- B.
Lesser saphenous vein
- C.
Cephalic vein
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
All of the vessels mentioned - radial artery, lesser saphenous vein, and cephalic vein - are potential candidates for harvest as bypass graft material. These vessels are commonly used in coronary artery bypass surgery to create new pathways for blood flow to bypass blocked or narrowed arteries. They are chosen based on their availability, size, and suitability for the specific patient's condition.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The lesser saphenous vein most commonly drains into the
- A.
Giacomini vein
- B.
Greater saphenous vein
- C.
Superficial femoral vein
- D.
Popliteal vein
Correct Answer
D. Popliteal veinExplanation
The lesser saphenous vein is a superficial vein that runs along the back of the leg. It commonly drains into the popliteal vein, which is located behind the knee. The popliteal vein then continues to drain into the deep veins of the leg. The other options mentioned, such as the Giacomini vein, greater saphenous vein, and superficial femoral vein, are not the typical drainage routes for the lesser saphenous vein.Rate this question:
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- 24.
In the determination if a vein is suitable for graft material, the technologist should determine if
- A.
The vein is patent
- B.
If any thrombus is present
- C.
If the system is bifid
- D.
All of the above
- E.
All of the above except the vein is patent
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The technologist should determine if the vein is patent, meaning it is open and unobstructed. They should also check for the presence of any thrombus, which is a blood clot that could obstruct blood flow. Additionally, they should assess if the system is bifid, meaning the vein has two main branches. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because the technologist should consider all of these factors when determining if a vein is suitable for graft material.Rate this question:
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- 25.
In determining suitability of the saphenous vein for femoro-distal bypass graft material, the vein diameter should be measured. What measurement if sufficient to ensure graft patency?
- A.
1.0 cm
- B.
1.0 mm
- C.
2.0 mm
- D.
2.5 mm
Correct Answer
D. 2.5 mmExplanation
The correct answer is 2.5 mm. This measurement is sufficient to ensure graft patency because it indicates a large enough diameter for the saphenous vein to be used as a bypass graft material. A larger diameter allows for better blood flow and reduces the risk of graft failure. Therefore, a vein with a diameter of 2.5 mm or larger is considered suitable for femoro-distal bypass grafting.Rate this question:
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Feb 26, 2012Quiz Created by
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