Enteric Flagellates, Coccidia And Hemoflagellates

Ticks are the vector for Texas cattle fever caused by Babesia bigemina. Ticks are known to transmit the parasite from infected cattle to healthy ones, leading to the spread of the disease. Mosquitoes, lice, flies, and none of the above are not responsible for transmitting Babesia bigemina, making ticks the correct answer.

After gametogeny, the reproductive process that occurs in the Subphylum Apicomplexa parasites is schizogony. This process takes place in the erythrocytes of the mammalian intermediate host. This is particularly true for malarial parasites, where schizogony occurs in the red blood cells of the mammalian host. During schizogony, the parasite undergoes multiple rounds of asexual reproduction, resulting in the production of numerous daughter cells called merozoites. These merozoites are then released into the bloodstream to infect more red blood cells and continue the life cycle of the parasite.

Balantidium coli can be distinguished from other protozoa by the presence of numerous conspicuous cilia and a kidney-shaped macronucleus. Cilia are hair-like structures that help with movement and feeding, and the presence of numerous cilia is a characteristic feature of Balantidium coli. The kidney-shaped macronucleus is another distinguishing feature of Balantidium coli, which is a large nucleus involved in controlling cellular functions. Therefore, the combination of numerous conspicuous cilia and a kidney-shaped macronucleus is unique to Balantidium coli and helps in its identification.

The correct answer is "indirect by ingestion of contaminated water." This means that the life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica involves an indirect transmission route, where the parasite is ingested through contaminated water. This is a common mode of transmission for many waterborne parasites.

The correct answer is "infection is initiated when infected ticks containing oocysts are ingested by the dog host." This means that the life cycle of Hepatozoon americanum is different from other tick-borne diseases because the infection starts when ticks that have oocysts (a stage in the parasite's life cycle) are ingested by dogs. In other tick-borne diseases, the infection may occur through different means or stages of the tick's life cycle.

Babesia is the correct answer because it is an apicomplexan parasite that specifically infects the erythrocytes of mammalian hosts. This parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks and causes a disease known as babesiosis. It is commonly found in animals such as cattle, horses, and dogs, but can also infect humans. Babesia invades and replicates within the red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, anemia, and jaundice. Therefore, Babesia fits the description of an apicomplexan parasite that exclusively infects mammalian erythrocytes.

In the diagnosis of Ehrlichia ewingii in dogs, one would find morulae in granulocytic leukocytes in examination of stained blood films. Morulae are clusters of bacteria within the white blood cells, specifically the granulocytic leukocytes. This finding is characteristic of Ehrlichia ewingii infection in dogs.

Flagellated protozoa of the genus Tritrichomonas are characterized by an undulating membrane and three anterior flagella. This means that these organisms have a membrane that moves in a wave-like motion and three flagella located at the front end of the cell. The presence of an undulating membrane and three anterior flagella is a specific characteristic of Tritrichomonas, distinguishing it from other flagellated protozoa.

Birds become infected with the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis by ingesting earthworms that act as a transport or paratenic hosts for the protozoan-infected Heterakis gallinarum. Earthworms serve as intermediate hosts for the parasite, allowing it to be transmitted to birds when they consume the infected earthworms. This mode of transmission is an important factor in the spread of the parasite among bird populations.

Ticks do not transmit Trypanosoma cruzi to dogs. Trypanosoma cruzi is the parasite that causes Chagas disease, which is primarily transmitted by the triatomine bug, also known as the "kissing bug." Ticks are not known to transmit this particular parasite.

Anaplasma marginale is a rickettsial agent that is found in the erythrocytes (red blood cells) of cattle. It uses hard ticks as biological vectors, meaning that the ticks transmit the bacteria from one host to another. The bacteria infect the erythrocytes of the cattle, causing a disease known as anaplasmosis. This explanation aligns with the given answer choice of "erythrocytes/ hard ticks."

Human babesiosis, caused by Babesia microtti, is transmitted by a tick belonging to the genus Ixodes. This tick also transmits a spirochete called Borrelia burgdorferi.

Balantidium coli is a parasitic protozoan that typically has limited veterinary medical importance. However, in some cases, it can cause clinical disease in dogs and pigs. This means that dogs and pigs can be affected by this parasite and may experience symptoms or health issues as a result. The other options listed do not accurately reflect the potential clinical disease caused by Balantidium coli.

The correct answer is Giardia/ Entamoeba because both Giardia and Entamoeba are genera of enteric protozoa that can be diagnosed by finding cyst stages in smears of formed fecal stools. These two genera are commonly associated with gastrointestinal infections in humans.

Anaplasma marginale is the correct answer because an effective vaccine was developed at Oklahoma State University specifically for this rickettsial agent. The other options, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Cowdria ruminatum, do not have a mention of a vaccine being developed for them at Oklahoma State University. Therefore, the correct answer is Anaplasma marginale.

Nanophyetus, a digean trematode, is the intermediate host for Neorickettsia helminthoeca, the cause of "salmon poisoning disease" in dogs. This means that the parasite infects and develops within Nanophyetus before being transmitted to dogs. The fish acts as a reservoir for the parasite, allowing it to complete its life cycle and infect dogs when they consume infected fish.

Hepatozoon americanum differs from other tick-borne protozoal diseases studied because its infection is initiated in dogs by ingestion of a tick containing oocysts and sporozoites. In other tick-borne diseases, the transmission may occur through tick bites or tick saliva, but in the case of Hepatozoon americanum, the dog becomes infected by consuming a tick that already contains the infectious stages of the parasite. This unique mode of transmission sets it apart from other tick-borne protozoal diseases.

The correct answer is amebas/ trichomonads. Amebas and trichomonads are both types of parasites in the Subphylum Sarcomastigophora that can infect the large intestines of dogs. These parasites can cause various gastrointestinal issues and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water.

Trypanosoma cruiz is transmitted in the feces of its intermediate host, the kissing bug. This means that when the kissing bug feeds on the blood of a human or animal, it defecates, and the Trypanosoma cruiz parasites are present in its feces. If the feces come into contact with a wound, mucous membranes, or are accidentally ingested, the parasites can enter the body and cause the disease known as Chagas disease.

Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted through various methods. One way is through the ingestion of a sporulated oocyst, which is the infective form of the parasite found in cat feces. Another method is through transplacental transfer of tachyzoites, which are the rapidly multiplying form of the parasite, from an infected mother to her fetus during an acute infection. Lastly, ingestion of bradyzoites, which are the dormant form of the parasite found in animal tissue, can also lead to transmission. Therefore, all of the methods mentioned (ingestion of a sporulated oocyst, transplacental transfer of tachyzoites, and ingestion of bradyzoites in animal tissue) can transmit Toxoplasma gondii.

The statement that trichomonad species sexually reproduce in their intermediate hosts accurately applies to the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the bovine parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. This means that these species of trichomonads engage in sexual reproduction while inside their intermediate hosts. This is in contrast to other trichomonad species that may have different modes of reproduction, such as binary fission or schizogony.

The pathologic conditions caused by Sarcocystic neurona, causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), are related to the presence of sarcocysts in striated muscles. This means that the protozoa form cysts in the muscles of the infected horse, leading to the development of EPM. These cysts can cause inflammation and damage to the muscles, nerves, and surrounding tissues, resulting in the neurological symptoms seen in affected horses.

Leishmania donovani is the correct answer because it is the only hemoflagellate listed that is transmitted through stercorarian transmission, which involves the contaminated feces of an infected arthropod vector being introduced to mucous membranes or skin abrasions. The other options listed, including Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, are transmitted through different modes such as through insect bites or blood transfusions.

Cryptosporidium parva is not a member of the Subphylum Apicomplexa because it belongs to the Phylum Apicomplexa, not the Subphylum Apicomplexa. The other parasites listed, Babesia canis, Plasmodium vivax, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma evansi, are all members of the Subphylum Apicomplexa.

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Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted through transplacental transfer to a fetus, meaning that the parasite can pass from an infected mother to her unborn child. Additionally, ingestion of bradyzoites ("cysts") in animal tissue is another mode of transmission. This occurs when an individual consumes the tissue of an infected animal containing the dormant form of the parasite. Both of these modes of transmission are correct and therefore the answer is "e", all of the above.

Sarcocystis is a type of coccidian parasite that has an obligatory two-host life cycle. In this life cycle, carnivores serve as the definitive host. The tissue stages that are infective for the definitive host are not found in the intestinal mucosa, feces, or muscles of the intermediate host. Therefore, none of the options provided (a, b, or c) are correct, making option "e" the correct answer.