CRITICAL REASONING-2

1. Directions for questions 9 and 10: In the following questions, select one alternative in which the third statement is implied by the first two statements.

All elephants are wild. All lions are wild. So, all lions are elephants.

All mangoes are red. Some apples are mangoes. So, all apples are red.

All roads are boxes. All foxes are roads. So, all boxes are foxes.

All XYZ can run. All ABC are XYZ. So, all ABC can run.

2. Directions for questions 9 and 10: In the following questions, select one alternative in which the third statement is implied by the first two statements.

All dogs are mad. All sick persons are mad. So, all sick persons are dogs.

All oranges are black. All figs are oranges. So, all figs are black.

All windows are dogs. Some doors are dogs. So, all windows are doors.

No man can fly. No kite can fly. So, all men are kites.

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Explanation

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3. By the time it's completed in 2005, a statue now slated for construction in Bodh Gaya, India, will be the tallest edifice in the country- and the tallest figure of Buddha on the planet. Artists and engineers in India and Britain are planning the Maitreya Project a meditation Park funded by Buddhist donors from all over the world. The centre piece of the 40-acre park will be the 500-foot bronze clad figure, so large that the Statue of Liberty would just reach its arm. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

The Maitreya project will take five years to complete.

The Statue of Liberty is one of the taller structures in the world.

Bodh Gaya is a holy place.

The passage mentions that the 500-foot bronze clad figure in Bodh Gaya will be so large that the Statue of Liberty would just reach its arm. This implies that the Statue of Liberty is one of the taller structures in the world.

Explanation

The passage mentions that the 500-foot bronze clad figure in Bodh Gaya will be so large that the Statue of Liberty would just reach its arm. This implies that the Statue of Liberty is one of the taller structures in the world.

4. Economic nationalism, it would seem, still survives. It is alive and kicking in India. Which of the following statements, if true, weakens the argument above?

Exporters have been held back for centuries and face the brunt of a licence raj.

Import licences are not issued easily and the import of capital goods is severely

The government has announced a huge reduction in import tariff.

None of the above.

The statement "The government has announced a huge reduction in import tariff" weakens the argument because it suggests that the government is taking steps to promote trade and reduce barriers to imports, which goes against the idea of economic nationalism. If the government is actively reducing import tariffs, it implies that they are not prioritizing protectionism and are instead encouraging international trade and competition.

Explanation

The statement "The government has announced a huge reduction in import tariff" weakens the argument because it suggests that the government is taking steps to promote trade and reduce barriers to imports, which goes against the idea of economic nationalism. If the government is actively reducing import tariffs, it implies that they are not prioritizing protectionism and are instead encouraging international trade and competition.

5. The lives of hundreds of people at risks from kidney disease could be saved by a simple inexpensive test now readily available to the doctors. The multi-banded indicator test gives early warning of kidney damage by detecting the amount of protein in urine along with high risk patients such as those suffering from diabetes or hypertension. Too much may indicate the kidneys are not functioning efficiently and that the patient should be referred to a specialist. Pathologists in India are now encouraging all people to buy home- kits of the same. Which of the following if true would most question the recommendation of the pathologists?

It is normal for children to show a high content of protein in urine.

The indicator works only when seen against sunlight.

If the test is carried out just after taking a meal it does not always show the correct result.

The indicator shows erratic results when there is a slight difference in room temperature.

The recommendation of the pathologists to encourage people to buy home-kits of the multi-banded indicator test is based on the assumption that the test is reliable and accurate. However, if the indicator shows erratic results when there is a slight difference in room temperature, it raises doubts about the test's effectiveness. Inconsistent results could lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment, potentially putting the lives of those at risk from kidney disease in danger. Therefore, this information questions the pathologists' recommendation.

Explanation

The recommendation of the pathologists to encourage people to buy home-kits of the multi-banded indicator test is based on the assumption that the test is reliable and accurate. However, if the indicator shows erratic results when there is a slight difference in room temperature, it raises doubts about the test's effectiveness. Inconsistent results could lead to misdiagnosis or delayed treatment, potentially putting the lives of those at risk from kidney disease in danger. Therefore, this information questions the pathologists' recommendation.

6. Global financial markets froze in the morning New York trade on Wednesday as projections of a Republican sweep of the White House and Congress came unstuck over a recount in the pivotal state of Florida, Leaving the presidential election result in balance. The dollar firmed but pared earlier gains against the Euro after the White House race was put on hold. In the event of a clear Republican win in America, which of the following predictions about the dollar are most likely to come true?

It will be at an advantage against the Euro.

It will rise to some advantage but will eventually slide.

It will be stable

It will continue to be volatile and unstable.

Given the information provided, a clear Republican win in America would likely result in the dollar being at an advantage against the Euro. This is because a Republican win could potentially lead to policies that are seen as favorable for the US economy, which could strengthen the dollar relative to other currencies such as the Euro. However, without further information or analysis, it is difficult to determine the exact extent or duration of the advantage.

Explanation

Given the information provided, a clear Republican win in America would likely result in the dollar being at an advantage against the Euro. This is because a Republican win could potentially lead to policies that are seen as favorable for the US economy, which could strengthen the dollar relative to other currencies such as the Euro. However, without further information or analysis, it is difficult to determine the exact extent or duration of the advantage.

7. Flying in the face of the contemporary wisdom which dictates that only stretch targets and a gigantic leap towards a yet-to-be-envisioned future can lead companies to growth, the step-by-step argument posits that betting the company on a huge gamble is more likely to fail than succeed. Which of the following statements, if true, strengthens the above argument?

Only strategic innovations, involving new products or services can do the job.

Dramatic results act as a buoyant for company morale

Revolutionary changes that undo the gains of the past are unnecessary

Not all companies can reciprocate the swiftness of such dramatic steps.

The statement that "Revolutionary changes that undo the gains of the past are unnecessary" strengthens the argument because it suggests that companies do not need to completely overhaul their current strategies and undo any progress they have made in order to achieve growth. This aligns with the argument's assertion that a huge gamble is more likely to fail than succeed, as it implies that gradual, strategic changes can be more effective in driving growth.

Explanation

The statement that "Revolutionary changes that undo the gains of the past are unnecessary" strengthens the argument because it suggests that companies do not need to completely overhaul their current strategies and undo any progress they have made in order to achieve growth. This aligns with the argument's assertion that a huge gamble is more likely to fail than succeed, as it implies that gradual, strategic changes can be more effective in driving growth.

8. In each of the following questions one interrogative statements followed by two arguments, one beginning with 'yes' and the other with 'no'. Mark one of the following answer choices. Should science be made a compulsory subject in schools as well as in colleges? A. Yes, because this is the age of science and students must know science. B. No, the study of science will make them mechanical in outlook.

If only argument A is forceful

If only argument B is forceful

If both A and B are forceful

If neither A nor B is forceful.

Neither argument A nor argument B is forceful. Argument A states that science should be made a compulsory subject because this is the age of science and students must know science. However, this argument does not provide a strong reason for making science compulsory. Argument B states that the study of science will make students mechanical in outlook. However, this argument is not convincing as it does not provide any evidence or reasoning to support this claim. Therefore, neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in supporting the statement that science should be made a compulsory subject in schools and colleges.

Explanation

Neither argument A nor argument B is forceful. Argument A states that science should be made a compulsory subject because this is the age of science and students must know science. However, this argument does not provide a strong reason for making science compulsory. Argument B states that the study of science will make students mechanical in outlook. However, this argument is not convincing as it does not provide any evidence or reasoning to support this claim. Therefore, neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in supporting the statement that science should be made a compulsory subject in schools and colleges.

9. Africa's red- billed oxpeckers had long been thought to aid mammals like the impala by picking ticks off their skin-an example of mutualism. But British biologist Paul Weeks kept oxpeckers away from a group of oxen and found no change in the number of ticks. On other oxen, oxpeckers picked at existing wounds delaying the healing time. A conclusion that can be drawn from the above is

Oxpeckers and Impala’s have been thought to have a symbiotic relation for long now.

Ticks multiply if not scavenged by oxpeckers.

Oxpeckers may be carnivorous.

All but (3).

The correct answer is "Oxpeckers may be carnivorous." This conclusion can be drawn from the information provided in the passage, which states that oxpeckers picked at existing wounds on oxen, delaying the healing time. This behavior suggests that oxpeckers may feed on the blood or tissue of the wounded animals, indicating a carnivorous nature rather than solely scavenging ticks.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Oxpeckers may be carnivorous." This conclusion can be drawn from the information provided in the passage, which states that oxpeckers picked at existing wounds on oxen, delaying the healing time. This behavior suggests that oxpeckers may feed on the blood or tissue of the wounded animals, indicating a carnivorous nature rather than solely scavenging ticks.

10. In the following sentences the main statement is followed by four sentences each. Select the pair of sentences that relate logically with the given statement. Kamal, the philosopher, says he stinks, therefore he is. But he also requires to think, without which he cannot survive. Either Kamal will think or he will stink. Those close to Kamal say he is better at stinking than at thinking. Therefore, A. Kamal, the philosopher, will think. B. Kamal, the philosopher, will not stink. C. Kamal, the philosopher, will stink. D. Kamal, the philosopher, will not think.

AB

DB

BA

CD

The main statement establishes that Kamal says he stinks and therefore he exists. It also states that Kamal needs to think in order to survive. The next sentence states that either Kamal will think or he will stink. The following sentence suggests that Kamal is better at stinking than at thinking, implying that he is more likely to stink than to think. Therefore, the logical pair of sentences is "Kamal, the philosopher, will not stink" and "Kamal, the philosopher, will think." This is because it aligns with the idea that Kamal is more likely to think than to stink.

Explanation

The main statement establishes that Kamal says he stinks and therefore he exists. It also states that Kamal needs to think in order to survive. The next sentence states that either Kamal will think or he will stink. The following sentence suggests that Kamal is better at stinking than at thinking, implying that he is more likely to stink than to think. Therefore, the logical pair of sentences is "Kamal, the philosopher, will not stink" and "Kamal, the philosopher, will think." This is because it aligns with the idea that Kamal is more likely to think than to stink.

11. In each of the following questions one interrogative statements followed by two arguments, one beginning with 'yes' and the other with 'no'. Mark one of the following answer choices. Is the banning of corporal punishment in schools justified? A. Yes, because a child can be corrected with affection and not by beating. B. No, because if there is no fear of punishment students will not obey the teachers.

If only argument A is forceful

If only argument B is forceful

If both A and B are forceful

If neither A nor B is forceful.

Neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in justifying the banning of corporal punishment in schools. Argument A suggests that a child can be corrected with affection instead of beating, which implies that corporal punishment is not necessary. However, this argument does not provide sufficient evidence to support the banning of corporal punishment. Argument B suggests that without the fear of punishment, students will not obey teachers. While this argument acknowledges the potential consequences of banning corporal punishment, it does not provide a strong justification for its continued use. Therefore, neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in justifying the banning of corporal punishment in schools.

Explanation

Neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in justifying the banning of corporal punishment in schools. Argument A suggests that a child can be corrected with affection instead of beating, which implies that corporal punishment is not necessary. However, this argument does not provide sufficient evidence to support the banning of corporal punishment. Argument B suggests that without the fear of punishment, students will not obey teachers. While this argument acknowledges the potential consequences of banning corporal punishment, it does not provide a strong justification for its continued use. Therefore, neither argument A nor argument B is forceful in justifying the banning of corporal punishment in schools.

Critical Reasoning-2