The Contemporary Western World, 1970-present Chapter 28 Test, Form B

After Richard Nixon resigned as the U.S. president, Gerald Ford became the next president. Ford served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He assumed office after Nixon's resignation due to the Watergate scandal. Ford's presidency was marked by efforts to heal the nation and restore public trust in the government. He granted Nixon a full pardon for any crimes he may have committed during his presidency, a decision that was controversial but aimed at moving the country forward.

Nicolae Ceausescu was the oppressive Communist leader of Romania who was deposed in 1989. Ceausescu ruled Romania with an iron fist, implementing strict policies that suppressed political dissent and violated human rights. His regime was characterized by widespread corruption, economic mismanagement, and a cult of personality centered around himself and his wife. However, his oppressive rule eventually led to a popular uprising in 1989, resulting in his overthrow and execution.

Pierre Trudeau is the correct answer because he was the Canadian prime minister who passed the Official Languages Act. This act was passed in 1969 and aimed to promote and protect the use of English and French as the official languages of Canada. It granted equal status to both languages in federal institutions and ensured bilingual services for Canadian citizens. Trudeau's government believed in promoting bilingualism and multiculturalism in Canada, and the Official Languages Act was a significant step in achieving this goal.

Richard Nixon was forced to resign to avoid impeachment for his involvement in the Watergate scandal. The Watergate scandal was a political scandal in the 1970s, where members of the Nixon administration were involved in illegal activities, including the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. As evidence of Nixon's involvement in the cover-up emerged, impeachment proceedings were initiated against him. However, before the impeachment could take place, Nixon chose to resign from the presidency in August 1974.

The Russian word "perestroika" refers to the reform movement led by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union. It means restructuring, which implies a significant change or reorganization of the existing system. This term accurately reflects the intention of Gorbachev's reforms to revitalize and transform the Soviet economy and political system. "Conquest," "relief," and "expansion" do not accurately capture the essence of perestroika and its goals.

The correct answer is Afghanistan because the detente phase refers to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. However, this phase came to an end when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. This invasion was seen as a direct threat to US interests and led to a deterioration in relations between the two superpowers.

Mikhail Gorbachev is the correct answer because he was the Soviet leader who established the Congress of People's Deputies. He introduced this legislative body in 1989 as part of his reform policies known as perestroika and glasnost. The Congress of People's Deputies was the first democratically elected parliament in the Soviet Union and played a significant role in the political changes that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Lech Walesa is the correct answer because he is indeed the founder of the Polish national trade union Solidarity. Solidarity was established in 1980 and played a crucial role in the fight against communism in Poland. Lech Walesa, a Polish electrician and activist, became the leader of the movement and later served as the President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. His leadership and the efforts of Solidarity were instrumental in bringing about political and social changes in Poland.

Slobodan Milosevic is the correct answer because he was the Serbian leader who initiated a policy of ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims. He was the President of Serbia and later became the President of Yugoslavia. Milosevic's policy of ethnic cleansing led to the Bosnian War and the genocide of thousands of Bosnian Muslims. He was later indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Helmut Kohl was the Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany. He played a crucial role in bringing about the reunification process and is often referred to as the "Chancellor of Unity." Kohl's government worked towards dismantling the Iron Curtain and negotiating with the Soviet Union and other countries to achieve reunification. His leadership and diplomatic skills were instrumental in successfully merging the two Germanys into one nation again.

Vaclav Havel is the correct answer because he was a prominent writer and playwright who played a significant role in bringing down the Czech Communist government. He was a leading figure in the Velvet Revolution, a non-violent uprising against the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1989. Havel's activism and his writings criticizing the government made him a symbol of resistance and helped mobilize public support for democratic reforms. As a result, the Communist government was overthrown, and Havel became the President of Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic.

The correct answer is the Brezhnev Doctrine. This policy stated that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Communist nation if communism was threatened. It was named after the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, who introduced this policy in 1968. The doctrine was used to justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in order to suppress the Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization and reform. It aimed to maintain Soviet control over Eastern European countries and prevent any deviation from Communist ideology.

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During the 1990s, attacks on foreigners in Germany became common due to increased unemployment. Many Germans became angry and blamed foreigners for taking away job opportunities, leading to tensions and violence against ethnic minorities. This explanation suggests that economic factors played a significant role in fueling resentment and hostility towards foreigners in Germany during that time.

During Jimmy Carter's presidency, the United States faced a major international crisis known as the Iran hostage crisis. In 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were taken hostage by Iranian militants and held captive for 444 days. This event strained the relationship between the United States and Iran, leading to economic sanctions and diplomatic tensions. The crisis ended in 1981 when the hostages were finally released, shortly after Ronald Reagan became the new president.

Francois Mitterand is the correct answer because he was the Socialist president of France in the 1980s who nationalized major banks and industries. This policy was part of Mitterand's efforts to implement socialist economic reforms and redistribute wealth in France.

Willy Brandt is the correct answer because he was the West German chancellor who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971. He was recognized for his efforts in improving relations between East and West Germany and promoting peace and reconciliation during the Cold War. Brandt's policies, such as the Ostpolitik, aimed to reduce tensions and foster dialogue between the two sides. His commitment to diplomacy and peaceful coexistence made him a deserving recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the British government faced difficulties in resolving the conflict in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants. The conflict, known as "The Troubles," was rooted in political and religious differences, with Catholics seeking Irish unification and Protestants supporting continued British rule. The British government struggled to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict, which involved violence, bombings, and sectarian tensions. The conflict eventually led to the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, which aimed to bring peace and establish power-sharing in Northern Ireland.

Willy Brandt was not the President of the Russian Republic at the time of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In fact, Willy Brandt was a German politician who served as the Chancellor of West Germany from 1969 to 1974. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect.

After the war between Bosnia and Serbia, new tensions arose when Serbia refused to allow Kosovo to continue to exist as an autonomous province.