Role = excitation
Binds to NMDA channels which causes ion channels to open. Na+ and Ca2+ efflux and K+ influx
Glutamate hypofunction is associated with negative symptoms of psychosis
Smoking marijuana causes increased glutamate release
Role = inhibition
D2 receptors bound presynaptically by dopamine cause decreased Ca2+, which decreases dopamine release
Low dopamine in the limbic system is linked with positive symptoms
Antipsychotics that block D2 receptors can cause Parkinson's like symptoms
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors cause decrease in dopamine
Use of cocaine causes increased release of dopamine
Role= Excitation
Binds GABA(B) to increase Cl- influx into the cell
Barbiturates in high doses can activate GABA receptors without the presence of GABA
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Phenobarbital
Heroin
Ethanol
Clonidine helps with autonomic symptoms of withdrawal (from opiods, sedatives)
Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system is always converting ethanol to acetaladehyde
Symptoms of withdrawal are more common from use of benzodiazepines then from ethanol and barbiturates
The adverse effects of stimulants are psychosis and delusions + decreased sympathomimetic activity
Benzodiazepines are used to treat ethanol withdrawal
Most hallucinogens are fatal with the exception of PCP which is generally safe
All of the above
A, b, e
A and e
A, d, e
Tangles = extracellular twists of phosphorylated tau protein
Plaques = extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid protein
Bupropion increases dopamine levels
SSRIs activate P450 enzyme, which is the enzyme used to metabolize tricyclic antidepressants
MAOIs take a long time to produce an effect because it takes time for changes to result from increased MAO levels (such as the production of BDNFs)
All of the above
B, c, e
B and e
B, c, d and e
Lithium causes a decrease in IP3 and DAG
Serotonin Syndrome = seizures, cardiovascular instability, hyperthermia and severe musclar rigidity
Glutatmate hypothesis = NMDA antagonists cause decreased dopamine in the limbic system
The metabolites of phenobarbital are active
Olazapine blocks muscarinic receptors which results in atropine like symptoms