The Client Server Model

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol. It is a standard protocol used for transmitting data over networks. TCP ensures reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between devices on a network. It breaks down large data files into smaller packets, sends them across the network, and then reassembles them at the receiving end. TCP also includes error-checking mechanisms to ensure data integrity and flow control to manage the rate of data transmission. Overall, TCP is a fundamental protocol in the internet protocol suite and is widely used for various applications such as web browsing, email, file transfer, and more.

The common port number for a web server is 80. This is the default port used for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) communication between a client (such as a web browser) and a server. However, in some cases, web servers may also use port 8080 as an alternative port number for HTTP communication.

The data flow between each layer is bidirectional, meaning that information can flow in both directions. This suggests that there is a two-way communication between the layers, allowing for the exchange of data and information back and forth.

A socket is a combination of a host IP address and a port number. This combination allows for communication between two devices over a network. The IP address identifies the specific device, while the port number identifies the specific application or service running on that device. By using sockets, data can be sent and received between the client and server applications, enabling communication and interaction between them.

The first layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack is the application layer. This layer is responsible for providing network services to user applications. It interacts directly with the user and enables communication between different applications running on different devices. The application layer includes protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS, which are used for tasks like web browsing, file transfer, email, and domain name resolution.

The second layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack is the Transport layer, also known as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). This layer is responsible for establishing a reliable connection between two devices and ensuring the reliable delivery of data packets. TCP provides features such as error checking, flow control, and congestion control to ensure the integrity and efficiency of data transmission. It works closely with the Network layer (IP) to route the data packets across the network.

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The term used to describe the way the layers are grouped is known as "encapsulated". This suggests that the layers are enclosed or wrapped within each other, forming a protective or contained structure.

The link layer adds the MAC address to the packet. The MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to the network interface card (NIC) of a device. It is used to identify the source and destination devices on a local network. The link layer is responsible for encapsulating the network layer packet into a frame that includes the MAC address. The inclusion of the MAC address allows for the proper routing and delivery of the packet within the local network.

A port is an address for a software process. In computer networking, a port is a communication endpoint that is used by software to identify a specific process or service on a device. It allows multiple processes or services to run on the same device without conflicts. Each port is assigned a unique number, known as a port number, which helps in routing the data packets to the correct destination. By using port numbers, the communication between different software processes is facilitated, allowing them to send and receive data over a network.