Chemistry Test 1 2012

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  • 1/23 Questions

    During diagnostic accuracy studies in evidence-based laboratory medicine, a laboratory test being studied, for example, produces results that are compared with the "gold standard" of testing, which would be the currently used assay or assay system. The test method of interest is referred to as: 

    • Candidate/reference method
    • Reference standard
    • Outcome study
    • Practice test
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About This Quiz

Chemistry Test 1 2012 assesses knowledge in evidence-based laboratory medicine, focusing on diagnostic accuracy, bias, precision, physiological variation, detection rate, and statistical comparison. Essential for students and professionals in biomedical sciences.

Chemistry Test 1 2012 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Another way that "bias" can be defined is as _________________ error.

    • Random

    • Systematic

    • Analytical

    • Clinical

    Correct Answer
    A. Systematic
    Explanation
    Bias can be defined as systematic error because it refers to a consistent deviation from the true value or an unfair inclination towards a particular outcome. Systematic bias occurs when there is a flaw or a consistent pattern in the data collection or analysis process that leads to inaccurate or skewed results. It is different from random error, which is unpredictable and does not follow a consistent pattern. Analytical and clinical errors may contribute to bias, but they do not specifically capture the consistent nature of systematic bias.

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  • 3. 

    A new hormone analyzer is received in the lab. By assaying a control sample 50 times and assessing the mean and variance of the results, you are checking the ________________ of the instrument. 

    • Sensitivity

    • Accuracy

    • Validity

    • Precision

    Correct Answer
    A. Precision
    Explanation
    In this scenario, by assaying a control sample multiple times and analyzing the mean and variance of the results, the aim is to determine the precision of the instrument. Precision refers to the consistency and reproducibility of measurements. By examining the variability of the results, one can assess how closely the measurements cluster around the mean value. Therefore, in this case, the focus is on evaluating the precision of the new hormone analyzer.

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  • 4. 

    In setting the criteria for a delta check for a specific patient, which of the parameters listed below need to be considered: 

    • Diagnosis

    • Sensitivity of the test

    • Physiological variation

    • Specificity of the test

    Correct Answer
    A. Physiological variation
    Explanation
    In setting the criteria for a delta check for a specific patient, it is important to consider physiological variation. Physiological variation refers to the natural changes that can occur in a patient's test results due to factors such as time of day, age, or overall health. By taking into account these variations, healthcare professionals can establish appropriate thresholds for detecting significant changes in a patient's test results over time. This helps in identifying potential abnormalities or trends that may require further investigation or intervention.

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  • 5. 

    Prevalence affects which of the following test characteristics:

    • Specificity

    • Predictive value of a negative result

    • Detection rate

    • False positive rate

    Correct Answer
    A. Detection rate
    Explanation
    Prevalence affects the detection rate. Detection rate refers to the proportion of true positive cases that are correctly identified by a test. When the prevalence of a condition is high, the likelihood of detecting true positive cases increases, leading to a higher detection rate. Conversely, when the prevalence is low, the detection rate may decrease as there are fewer true positive cases to be detected. Therefore, the prevalence of a condition has a direct impact on the detection rate of a test.

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  • 6. 

    The students t-test: 

    • Compares a sample mean to a population mean using the population delta

    • Compares the means of two samples using sample statistics

    • Assesses the means of samples before and following some intervention

    • Assesses the significance of difference between more than two variables

    Correct Answer
    A. Compares the means of two samples using sample statistics
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "compares the means of two samples using sample statistics." The students t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent samples. It compares the means of the samples using the sample statistics, such as the sample mean and sample standard deviation, rather than the population parameters. This test helps to assess whether the observed difference in means is statistically significant or occurred by chance.

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  • 7. 

    Which one of the following preanalytical factors must be standardized when establishing a reference interval for an analyte?

    • Location in which venipuncture is performed

    • The method of specimen collection

    • Reagents used in analyte analysis

    • The specific method used for analysis

    Correct Answer
    A. The method of specimen collection
    Explanation
    The method of specimen collection must be standardized when establishing a reference interval for an analyte. This is because different methods of specimen collection can introduce variability in the results, which can affect the reference interval. Standardizing the method of specimen collection ensures consistency and accuracy in the results, allowing for a reliable reference interval to be established. The other factors mentioned (location in which venipuncture is performed, reagents used in analyte analysis, and the specific method used for analysis) may also impact the results, but the method of specimen collection is specifically mentioned as the factor that must be standardized.

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  • 8. 

    Calculate the clinical sensitivity for the following data: in a group of 80 patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease, 72 tested positively for it. The clinical sensitivity of this test is:

    • 111%

    • 100%

    • 90%

    • 75%

    Correct Answer
    A. 90%
    Explanation
    The clinical sensitivity is calculated by dividing the number of true positive results (patients who tested positive for sickle cell disease) by the total number of patients diagnosed with the disease. In this case, there were 72 true positive results out of 80 patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Therefore, the clinical sensitivity is 90%.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following statements provides the best definition of assayed control?

    • A substance that can be accurately weighed or measured to produce a solution of an exactly known concentration

    • A substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by assay and comparison

    • Substance with an assigned value that the manufacturer establishes by using a reference method or by using reference materials traceable to primary standards

    • Substance with an assigned value used to set the value reported by the laboratory's method or instrument

    Correct Answer
    A. Substance with an assigned value that the manufacturer establishes by using a reference method or by using reference materials traceable to primary standards
    Explanation
    Assayed control refers to a substance with an assigned value that the manufacturer establishes by using a reference method or by using reference materials traceable to primary standards. This means that the manufacturer determines the value of the substance by comparing it to established standards or methods. This ensures that the substance is accurately measured and allows for quality control in laboratory testing.

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  • 10. 

    Regarding LISs, a "bidirectional interface" between an LIS and a chemistry analyzer's computer means the

    • Laboratorian must enter results directly into both the LIS and the analyzer

    • Analyzer and the LIS can communicate ordering information and test results between them

    • Analyzer can only communicate with the LIS, but the LIS cannot communicate with the analyzer

    • LIS can only communicate with the analyzer, but the analyzer cannot communicate with the LIS

    Correct Answer
    A. Analyzer and the LIS can communicate ordering information and test results between them
    Explanation
    A "bidirectional interface" between an LIS and a chemistry analyzer's computer means that the analyzer and the LIS can communicate ordering information and test results between them. This allows for seamless data exchange and eliminates the need for the laboratorian to manually enter results into both systems. The bidirectional interface enables efficient and accurate communication between the analyzer and the LIS, improving workflow and reducing the chances of errors in result entry.

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  • 11. 

    The results from QMP-LS on the last chemistry survey reported that for calcium your laboratory reported a value of 2.55 mmol/L where the group mean for your method was 2.50 mmol/L. The value for standard deviation interval cal (SDI) is? 

    • .02

    • 1.02

    • 0.05

    • 0.75

    Correct Answer
    A. .02
    Explanation
    The value for standard deviation interval cal (SDI) can be calculated by subtracting the group mean from the laboratory reported value and then taking the absolute value of the difference. In this case, the laboratory reported value is 2.55 mmol/L and the group mean is 2.50 mmol/L. So, the difference is 2.55 - 2.50 = 0.05 mmol/L. Taking the absolute value, we get 0.05 mmol/L. Therefore, the value for standard deviation interval cal (SDI) is 0.05.

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  • 12. 

    An example of random error would be:

    • Contaminated reagents

    • Pipetting errors

    • Inappropriate preparation of calibrators

    • Low volume reagent blanks

    Correct Answer
    A. Pipetting errors
    Explanation
    Pipetting errors can be considered an example of random error because they can occur unpredictably and affect the accuracy of measurements. Mistakes in pipetting, such as incorrect volume or improper technique, can lead to variations in the amount of substance being transferred, resulting in inconsistent results. These errors are not systematic or consistent, but rather occur randomly and can be caused by factors such as human error, equipment malfunction, or environmental conditions.

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  • 13. 

    Using an incorrect colored-stopper tube to obtain a blood sample is referred to as an _________ variable.

    • Statistical

    • Analytical

    • Preanalytical

    • Controlled

    Correct Answer
    A. Preanalytical
    Explanation
    Using an incorrect colored-stopper tube to obtain a blood sample is referred to as a preanalytical variable. This means that the error occurred before the analysis of the blood sample took place. The correct choice is "preanalytical" because it accurately describes the situation where the mistake in using the wrong colored-stopper tube happened before the actual analysis of the blood sample.

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  • 14. 

    In regard to a gaussian distribution, + or - 2 SD's from the mean encompasses _____________ of values. 

    • 99.7%

    • 98.0%

    • 95.5%

    • 68.2%

    Correct Answer
    A. 95.5%
    Explanation
    In regard to a gaussian distribution, + or - 2 SD's from the mean encompasses 95.5% of values. This is because in a normal distribution, approximately 95.5% of the data falls within two standard deviations of the mean. This is known as the empirical rule or the 68-95-99.7 rule, which states that about 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation, about 95% falls within two standard deviations, and about 99.7% falls within three standard deviations of the mean.

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  • 15. 

    Test results were obtained from 100 healthy volunteers. The frequency versus test results was plotted. The histogram was non-Gaussian. What statistical method is applied ti calculate the reference interval for the healthy population?

    • Mean + or - 2 SD

    • Plot cumulative frequency versus test value on probability paper and determine test values at 2.5% and 97.5%

    • Establish test value by Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC)

    • Establish value using Likelihood Ratio calculations

    • Plot log frequency versus test values and determine values at 2.5 and 97.5 %

    Correct Answer
    A. Plot cumulative frequency versus test value on probability paper and determine test values at 2.5% and 97.5%
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Plot cumulative frequency versus test value on probability paper and determine test values at 2.5% and 97.5%". This method is used to calculate the reference interval for the healthy population. By plotting the cumulative frequency versus test value on probability paper, it allows for a visual representation of the distribution of test results. The 2.5% and 97.5% values on the plot represent the lower and upper bounds of the reference interval, respectively, capturing the range within which 95% of the healthy population's test results fall.

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  • 16. 

    Discriminator values are associated with:

    • Tests with high sensitivity

    • Tests with high sensitivity towards a specific disease

    • Tests with high specificity and a low FPR towards a specific disease

    • Tests with high sensitivity and low FPR towards a specific disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Tests with high sensitivity and low FPR towards a specific disease
    Explanation
    Discriminator values are associated with tests that have high sensitivity and low false positive rate (FPR) towards a specific disease. This means that these tests are able to correctly identify individuals who have the disease (high sensitivity) while minimizing the number of false positive results (low FPR). In other words, these tests have a high ability to accurately detect the presence of the disease while minimizing the chances of incorrectly identifying individuals without the disease as positive.

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  • 17. 

    The ROC is a statistical tool to calculate a test discriminator value that has:

    • Highest sensitivity

    • Highest specificity

    • Lowest FPR

    • Only a and c

    • Only b and c

    Correct Answer
    A. Only a and c
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Only a and c". The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve is a statistical tool used to evaluate the performance of a binary classification model. Sensitivity, also known as the true positive rate, measures the proportion of actual positive cases correctly identified by the model. The ROC curve aims to maximize sensitivity. FPR (False Positive Rate) measures the proportion of actual negative cases incorrectly identified as positive by the model. The ROC curve aims to minimize FPR. Therefore, the correct answer is "Only a and c" as it includes the options that prioritize both sensitivity and the lowest FPR.

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  • 18. 

    In which of the following computer devices is the content lost each time the computer is turned off:

    • ROM

    • CPU

    • RAM

    • Hard Drive

    Correct Answer
    A. RAM
    Explanation
    RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when the computer is turned off or loses power. Unlike ROM (Read-Only Memory) which retains its data even when power is lost, RAM is used for temporary storage of data that the computer is actively using. Therefore, each time the computer is turned off, the content stored in RAM is erased, making it the correct answer to the question.

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  • 19. 

    A patient's serum am cortisol was higher than the pm value. Which of the following could explain the cortisol variation:

    • Day to day variation

    • Recent food ingested

    • Diurnal variation

    • Delay in separating serum

    • Specimen not stored properly

    Correct Answer
    A. Diurnal variation
    Explanation
    Diurnal variation refers to the natural fluctuation of cortisol levels throughout the day. Cortisol is typically highest in the morning (am) and decreases as the day progresses, reaching its lowest point in the evening (pm). Therefore, if a patient's serum am cortisol was higher than the pm value, it can be explained by diurnal variation. This is a normal physiological response and does not necessarily indicate any underlying medical condition or issue with the specimen.

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  • 20. 

    Analytical sensitivity is related to:

    • Lowest concentration of analyte that can be detected and accurately quantitated

    • The minimum cross reactivity with other analytes with similar structures

    • Highest concentration of analyte that can be detected and accurately quantitated

    • The highest cross reactivity with other analytes with similar structures

    Correct Answer
    A. Lowest concentration of analyte that can be detected and accurately quantitated
    Explanation
    Analytical sensitivity refers to the lowest concentration of analyte that can be detected and accurately quantitated. It is a measure of the assay's ability to detect and measure small amounts of the analyte in a sample. A higher analytical sensitivity means that the assay can detect lower concentrations of the analyte, making it more sensitive and capable of accurately quantitating even very low levels of the analyte in a sample. Therefore, the correct answer is "Lowest concentration of analyte that can be detected and accurately quantitated."

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  • 21. 

    Method selectivity/specificity refers to:

    • Accuracy of the method

    • Reproducibility of the method

    • Degree to which the method is free from interference by other species in the sample

    • Lowest concentration that can be quantitated accurately

    Correct Answer
    A. Degree to which the method is free from interference by other species in the sample
    Explanation
    Method selectivity/specificity refers to the degree to which the method is free from interference by other species in the sample. This means that the method is able to accurately measure the analyte of interest without being affected by other substances present in the sample. It indicates the ability of the method to differentiate and measure the target analyte specifically, without any interference from other compounds.

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  • 22. 

    The assayed control value for creatinine is stated as 220 umol/L. The value obtained on the analyzer was 200 umol/L. What is the percent accuracy (error)?

    • -9.1

    • 10.2

    • -10.2

    • 20

    Correct Answer
    A. -9.1
    Explanation
    The percent accuracy (error) can be calculated by subtracting the value obtained on the analyzer (200 umol/L) from the assayed control value (220 umol/L), dividing the result by the assayed control value, and then multiplying by 100. In this case, the calculation would be: ((200 - 220) / 220) * 100 = -9.1. Therefore, the percent accuracy (error) is -9.1.

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  • 23. 

    Multiple choice type question: What is chemistry?

    • Science that I dont understand

    • Stupid

    • Long and frustrating

    • All the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "All the above" because chemistry is a science that can be difficult to understand, frustrating at times, and may seem stupid to some individuals.

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  • Current Version
  • Jul 25, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Dec 08, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    J1_black

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