Chemistry 121 Chapter 4 Part 1

Explanation
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. In a solution, the substances are evenly distributed and cannot be easily separated. The substance that is present in a smaller amount and is dissolved in the larger amount is called the solute, while the substance that dissolves the solute is called the solvent. Therefore, a solution is the correct answer as it accurately describes a homogeneous mixture of substances.

Explanation
The solute is the smaller portion of the whole in a solution. In a solution, the solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the substance that does the dissolving. The solute is typically present in a smaller amount compared to the solvent. For example, in a saltwater solution, salt is the solute and water is the solvent. The solute particles are dispersed and evenly distributed throughout the solvent.

Explanation
The solvent is the larger portion of the whole in a solution. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved. In a solution, the solvent is present in a larger quantity compared to the solute. It is responsible for dissolving the solute and creating a uniform mixture.

Explanation
Water is considered the universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve a wide range of substances. This is due to its unique molecular structure, with one oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom has a slight negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge, creating a polar molecule. This polarity allows water molecules to attract and surround other charged or polar molecules, breaking them apart and forming a solution. As a result, water can dissolve many substances, making it an essential solvent for various biological and chemical processes.

Explanation
A strong electrolyte is a substance that completely dissociates into ions when dissolved in water. This means that all of the molecules of the electrolyte break apart into their constituent ions, resulting in a high concentration of ions in the solution. Therefore, the correct answer is "has 100% dissociation."

Explanation
A weak electrolyte is a substance that does not completely dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Unlike strong electrolytes, which fully dissociate and produce a high concentration of ions, weak electrolytes only partially dissociate, resulting in a lower concentration of ions in the solution. This incomplete dissociation is due to the presence of both dissociated and undissociated molecules in the solution, creating a dynamic equilibrium between the two forms.

Explanation
If something dissolves totally, it means that it is able to completely mix and dissolve in a liquid. This indicates that the substance is soluble, as it has the ability to dissolve and form a homogeneous solution with the solvent.

Explanation
If something dissolves a little, it means that it is only partially soluble. In other words, it has the ability to dissolve to some extent, but not completely. Therefore, the term "sparing soluble" accurately describes this situation.

Explanation
If something does not dissolve, it means that it cannot be dissolved or mixed into a liquid. Therefore, the correct answer is "insoluble."

Explanation
Lithium (Li) compounds are soluble in water. This is because lithium is an alkali metal with a low ionization energy, meaning it readily loses its outermost electron to form a positively charged ion (Li+). These ions then interact with the polar water molecules, which are able to surround and stabilize the ions through ion-dipole interactions. This allows lithium compounds to dissolve and become soluble in water.

Explanation
Compounds containing Na (sodium) are soluble. This is because sodium is an alkali metal and its compounds tend to be highly soluble in water. Sodium ions (Na+) have a strong affinity for water molecules due to their positive charge, and they can easily dissociate from their compounds and form hydrated ions in solution. Therefore, compounds such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) readily dissolve in water, making them soluble.

Explanation
Compounds containing K are soluble because potassium (K) is an alkali metal and tends to form ionic compounds with other elements. These ionic compounds, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium nitrate (KNO3), dissociate into ions when dissolved in water, resulting in the formation of a solution. The strong electrostatic attraction between the positive potassium ions (K+) and the negative ions allows for easy dissolution and solubility in water.

Explanation
Compounds containing Rb are soluble. This is because Rb (rubidium) is an alkali metal, which tend to form soluble compounds. Alkali metals have low ionization energies and readily lose their outermost electron to form positive ions. These ions then readily dissolve in water or other polar solvents, making compounds containing Rb soluble.

Explanation
Compounds containing Cs are soluble. This is because Cs (cesium) is an alkali metal and alkali metals generally form soluble compounds. They have low ionization energies and low electronegativities, which means they readily lose their outermost electron to form positively charged ions. These ions then easily dissolve in water or other polar solvents, resulting in the compound being soluble.

Explanation
Compounds containing NH4, also known as ammonium compounds, are soluble. This is because ammonium compounds typically form ionic bonds with other ions in solution, allowing them to dissociate and dissolve easily. The NH4+ ion has a positive charge, making it attracted to the negative ions in the solvent, resulting in solubility.

Explanation
Compounds containing NO3- (Nitrate) are soluble because nitrates are generally soluble in water. This is due to the strong attraction between the nitrate ion and the polar water molecules, which allows for the dissociation of the compound into its constituent ions. Therefore, when a compound contains the nitrate ion, it will typically dissolve and form a homogeneous solution with water.

Explanation
Compounds containing C2H3O2- (acetate) are soluble. This is because acetate is a small, negatively charged ion that can easily dissolve in water. It forms strong ion-dipole interactions with the water molecules, allowing the compound to dissociate and become solvated. As a result, acetate compounds are able to dissolve and form a homogeneous solution with water.

Explanation
Chlorates (ClO3-) are generally soluble in water. This is because chlorates are highly polar molecules with a negative charge on the oxygen atom and a positive charge on the chlorine atom. The strong electrostatic attraction between the polar water molecules and the charged ions in the chlorate compound allows for the compound to dissolve easily in water. Therefore, compounds containing ClO3- ions are soluble in water.