Chapters 17-20 Review Quiz 2

The severe winters and large size of Russia were factors that helped cause the defeat of Napoleon during his invasion. The harsh winter conditions and the vast expanse of the Russian territory made it difficult for Napoleon's troops to sustain themselves and advance effectively. The extreme cold weather and lack of resources weakened the French army, leading to their ultimate defeat. Additionally, the large size of Russia made it challenging for Napoleon to control and maintain communication and supply lines, further contributing to his downfall.

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment both emphasized the value of human reasoning. During the Scientific Revolution, scholars began to rely on observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning to understand the natural world, challenging traditional beliefs and superstitions. This emphasis on human reasoning continued and expanded during the Enlightenment, as philosophers and thinkers advocated for the use of reason and logic to understand and improve society. Both movements rejected blind faith and placed importance on the ability of individuals to think critically and independently.

The correct answer is the growth of overseas empires. During the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe, there was a high demand for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods. European powers expanded their empires to secure these resources and markets, leading to the growth of overseas empires. This expansion allowed them to extract resources from colonies and establish trade networks, which were essential for the industrialization and economic development of Europe.

The correct answer is to establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic conference held to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Its main goal was to prevent any one country from becoming too powerful and to maintain stability and peace in the region. The Congress aimed to redraw the map of Europe and establish a system of alliances and agreements that would prevent future conflicts. By doing so, they hoped to create a balance of power among the major European nations.

The writings of 18th-century French philosophers Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire influenced the policies of the enlightened despots. These philosophers advocated for ideas such as the separation of powers, religious tolerance, and social equality. The enlightened despots, such as Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, were absolute monarchs who embraced these ideas and implemented reforms based on them. They sought to modernize their countries and improve the lives of their subjects by introducing legal and educational reforms, promoting religious tolerance, and supporting the arts and sciences. The influence of these philosophers played a significant role in shaping the policies of these enlightened despots.

Nationalism in the 19th century played a significant role in the unification of Germany and Italy, as well as the eventual breakup of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism is the belief in the importance of one's own nation and the desire for self-determination and independence. In Germany and Italy, nationalist movements emerged and fought for the unification of fragmented states into unified nations. These movements were successful, leading to the creation of the German Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. On the other hand, nationalism also contributed to the breakup of multi-ethnic empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, as various ethnic groups sought to establish their own independent states based on their national identity.

John Locke's writings advocate for the formation of government based on a social contract. He believed that individuals enter into a social contract to establish a government that would protect their natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property. According to Locke, the purpose of government is to serve the people and secure their rights. Therefore, his ideas support the notion of forming a government based on a social contract rather than endorsing laissez-faire capitalism, absolute monarchy, or rejecting the natural rights philosophy.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about significant advancements in technology, production, and transportation, leading to increased productivity and economic growth. This resulted in a general rise in the standard of living for many people. With the introduction of new machinery and manufacturing processes, goods became more affordable and accessible to a larger portion of the population. Additionally, the Industrial Revolution created new job opportunities and improved wages for workers, contributing to an overall improvement in living conditions and quality of life.

Karl Marx's ideas are centered around the concept of class struggle and the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class. He believed that industrialization and the rise of capitalism led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the wealthy elite, while the working class was exploited and faced worsening conditions. Therefore, the statement "Industrialization benefits the wealthy and exploits the poor" aligns with Marx's ideas.

Italy and Germany were not major colonial powers in the 16th and 17th centuries because they lacked political unity. This means that these countries were divided into various independent states, which made it difficult for them to form a cohesive colonial empire. Without a centralized government and unified decision-making, Italy and Germany were unable to effectively compete with other European powers in establishing and maintaining colonies overseas. This lack of political unity hindered their ability to project power and expand their influence beyond their own territories.