1.
The CNS has a number of functions including_____________
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sensory and motor integration
B. Higher mental functions
D. Sleep-wake cycles
Explanation
The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for various functions, including sensory and motor integration, higher mental functions, and sleep-wake cycles. Sensory and motor integration refers to the ability of the CNS to receive sensory information from the environment and coordinate appropriate motor responses. Higher mental functions involve processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making, which are controlled by the CNS. Additionally, the CNS regulates sleep-wake cycles, ensuring that individuals experience periods of wakefulness and restorative sleep.
2.
Higher mental functions include:
Correct Answer(s)
B. Consciousness and memory
C. Language and creativity
D. Abstract reasoning
Explanation
Higher mental functions refer to cognitive processes that are more complex and advanced compared to basic sensory and motor functions. Consciousness and memory are considered higher mental functions as they involve the ability to be aware of oneself and the environment and the capacity to retain and retrieve information. Language and creativity are also higher mental functions as they involve the ability to communicate and express oneself effectively and to think in innovative and original ways. Abstract reasoning is another higher mental function that involves the ability to think conceptually and analytically, beyond concrete and literal thinking.
3.
Also known as tracts:
Correct Answer
B. White matter
Explanation
White matter refers to the areas of the central nervous system that are primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers. These fibers facilitate communication between different regions of the brain and spinal cord. White matter gets its name from the appearance of myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds the nerve fibers and gives them a whitish color. In contrast, gray matter consists mainly of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers. While gray matter is responsible for processing and integrating information, white matter acts as a transmission system, allowing signals to travel efficiently throughout the nervous system.
4.
Gray, wrinkled, globular organ that has the consistency of jello. It weighs about 3.5 pounds and is found to be larger in the male than in the female
Correct Answer
the brain
brain
Explanation
The given description of a gray, wrinkled, globular organ that weighs about 3.5 pounds and is larger in males than females matches the characteristics of the brain. The brain is a vital organ responsible for controlling and coordinating various functions in the body. It is composed of soft tissue and has a wrinkled appearance due to its folded structure. The weight difference between males and females is also a known fact about the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is the brain.
5.
The brain in clinical situations is divided into four regions. These include:
Correct Answer(s)
A. Cerebral hemispHeres
B. DiencepHalon
C. Brain Stem
E. Cerebellum
Explanation
The brain in clinical situations is divided into four regions: cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. The cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, reasoning, and memory. The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus, which are involved in sensory perception, regulation of body temperature, and hormone production. The brain stem controls basic functions like breathing, heart rate, and consciousness. Lastly, the cerebellum coordinates movement and balance.
6.
The Diencephalon includes:
Correct Answer(s)
B. Hypothalamus
C. Thalamus
E. Epithalamus
Explanation
The Diencephalon is a part of the brain that includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus. The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating various bodily functions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, sending it to the appropriate areas of the brain for processing. The epithalamus contains the pineal gland, which produces the hormone melatonin and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.
7.
The cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are organized into and outer cortex of ________ which is nerve bodies and an inner layer of ____________ in which are deeply embedded basal nuclei of gray matter
Correct Answer
B. Gray matter; white matter
Explanation
The cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are organized into an outer cortex of gray matter, which consists of nerve bodies. Inside this gray matter, there is an inner layer of white matter, which contains the deeply embedded basal nuclei of gray matter.
8.
The brain is protected by the ____________ from harmful blood substances by the blood brain barrier
Correct Answer(s)
A. Cerebrospinal fluid
B. Meninges
C. Skull
Explanation
The brain is protected by the cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and skull. The cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and acts as a cushion, absorbing shock and protecting the brain from injury. The meninges are three layers of protective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing an additional barrier against harmful substances. The skull, made up of bone, forms a hard protective shell around the brain, shielding it from external forces. Together, these three structures work to safeguard the brain from harmful blood substances by forming the blood-brain barrier.
9.
Protective connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Correct Answer
C. Meninges
Explanation
The meninges are protective connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They provide a barrier between the central nervous system and the surrounding structures, helping to protect and support the delicate neural tissue. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. They help to cushion the brain and spinal cord, absorb shocks, and provide nutrients and oxygen to the neural tissue. The meninges also play a role in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which further helps to protect and nourish the central nervous system.
10.
The outer membrane; attaches the brain to the skull and prevents the brain from moving around in the skull
Correct Answer
C. Dura Mater
Explanation
The dura mater is the correct answer because it is the tough outer membrane that covers and protects the brain. It attaches the brain to the skull, providing stability and preventing the brain from moving around inside the skull. The dura mater acts as a protective barrier, shielding the brain from potential damage or injury.
11.
The middle membrane which is a thin, vascular, web-like membrane. Under this is the space which contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels
Correct Answer
D. Arachnoid
Explanation
The middle membrane described in the question is the arachnoid. The arachnoid is a thin, vascular, web-like membrane that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. It forms the middle layer of the meninges, which are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The space beneath the arachnoid is known as the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is Arachnoid.
12.
The arachnoid has _______ which are specialized arachnoid projections that protrude into the dura mater and into the dural sinuses where the CSF is absorbed into the venous blood
Correct Answer
arachnoid villi
villi
vili
Explanation
Arachnoid villi are specialized projections of the arachnoid mater that extend into the dura mater and dural sinuses. These villi play a crucial role in the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the venous blood. They act as one-way valves, allowing CSF to flow from the subarachnoid space into the venous sinuses, maintaining the balance of CSF production and absorption. The correct answer options, "arachnoid villi," "villi," and "vili," all refer to the same anatomical structures.
13.
The inner most membrane that covers the brain which is composed of delicate connective tissue; tears easily; transparent
Correct Answer
B. Pia Mater
Explanation
The correct answer is Pia Mater. The Pia Mater is the innermost membrane that covers the brain. It is composed of delicate connective tissue that tears easily and is transparent.
14.
The fluid that forms a liquid cushion inside and outside of the brain; helps the brain to float so that it doesn't crush itself. Also, cushions the brain and spinal cord from trauma.
Correct Answer
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, forming a liquid cushion. It helps to protect the brain and spinal cord from trauma by acting as a shock absorber. The CSF also allows the brain to float, preventing it from crushing itself under its own weight. This fluid is essential for maintaining the proper functioning and protection of the central nervous system.
15.
Helps to supply the brain with oxygen and removes neuron metabolic waste like carbon dioxide
Correct Answer
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
cerebrospinal
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It helps to supply the brain with oxygen by carrying nutrients and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide. CSF also acts as a cushion, providing mechanical protection to the brain from external forces. Additionally, it helps to regulate the pressure around the brain and spinal cord, maintaining a stable environment for proper neuronal functioning.
16.
CSF has a similar composition to ____________, but it has less proteins and a different ion concentration than ____________
Correct Answer
D. Blood plasma
Explanation
CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a protective cushion and helps in the exchange of nutrients and waste products. The composition of CSF is similar to blood plasma, which is the liquid component of blood. However, CSF has fewer proteins and a different ion concentration compared to blood plasma. This difference in composition is necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system and maintaining a stable environment for the brain and spinal cord.
17.
CSF is formed by the ________________ cells of the choroid plexuses (a cluster of capillaries) from blood plasma
Correct Answer
ependymal
ependymal cells
Explanation
The correct answer is ependymal cells. Ependymal cells are responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the choroid plexuses. These cells line the ventricles of the brain and are involved in the filtration and secretion of CSF. CSF is formed by these ependymal cells as they filter the blood plasma and remove waste products, creating a clear and nutrient-rich fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.
18.
CSF flows by the action of the ependymal cells' ________
Correct Answer
C. Cilia
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the action of the ependymal cells' cilia. Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cilia beat in a coordinated manner, creating a flow of CSF. This flow helps to circulate and distribute the CSF throughout the central nervous system, providing nutrients and removing waste products. The cilia's movement is crucial for maintaining the proper functioning of the CSF system.
19.
________ (sometimes call the first and second ventricles) are C-shaped chambers that are found deep within each cerebral hemisphere. They are connected to each other medially and connected with the third ventricle
Correct Answer
C. Lateral ventricle
Explanation
The correct answer is the lateral ventricle. The lateral ventricles are C-shaped chambers found deep within each cerebral hemisphere. They are connected to each other medially and connected with the third ventricle.
20.
Located in the diencephalon
Correct Answer
A. Third ventricle
Explanation
The third ventricle is a fluid-filled cavity located in the diencephalon, which is a part of the brain. It is one of the four interconnected ventricles that are responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the brain and spinal cord. The third ventricle is positioned between the left and right thalamus, and it plays a crucial role in regulating various functions such as hormone secretion, sleep-wake cycles, and body temperature.
21.
Connected to the cerebral aqueduct which runs through the midbrain
Correct Answer
third
third ventricle
third venrtical
Explanation
The correct answer is "third, third ventricle, third venrtical." The third ventricle is connected to the cerebral aqueduct, which runs through the midbrain. The third ventricle is one of the four fluid-filled cavities within the brain, responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid. It is located in the diencephalon, between the two thalami and below the lateral ventricles. The correct spelling of "third ventricle" is "third ventricle," not "third venrtical."
22.
Located anteriorly to the cerebellum
Correct Answer
B. Fourth ventricle
Explanation
The fourth ventricle is located anteriorly to the cerebellum. This means that it is positioned in front of the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and balance. The fourth ventricle is one of the interconnected cavities within the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid, which helps to protect and nourish the brain and spinal cord.
23.
It is continuous with the third ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord, and it has openings with the subarachnoid space which is a fluid-filled space surrounding the brain (CSF)
Correct Answer
fourth ventricle
fourth
fourth ventrical
Explanation
The fourth ventricle is a fluid-filled cavity in the brain that is continuous with the third ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord. It has openings that connect it to the subarachnoid space, which is a fluid-filled space surrounding the brain. These openings allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to flow in and out of the fourth ventricle.
24.
Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood ( amino acids and hormones that act as neurotransmitters) and helps the brain to maintain a stable brain environment
Correct Answer
blood-brain barrier
blood brain barrier
Explanation
The blood-brain barrier is a protective mechanism that prevents harmful substances such as amino acids and hormones from entering the brain from the blood. It acts as a filter, allowing only essential nutrients and oxygen to pass through to maintain a stable brain environment. This barrier is crucial for maintaining the proper functioning of the brain and protecting it from potential damage caused by harmful substances.
25.
Seperates the barin's extracellular space and neurons from the blood
Correct Answer
blood-brain barrier
blood brain barrier
Explanation
The blood-brain barrier is a protective mechanism that separates the brain's extracellular space and neurons from the blood. It is made up of specialized cells that line the blood vessels in the brain and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain tissue. This barrier is essential for maintaining the delicate balance of chemicals and nutrients in the brain, as well as protecting it from toxins and infections.
26.
Caused by the feet of astrocytes that wrap around the brain capillaries
Correct Answer
blood-brain barrier
blood brain barrier
Explanation
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective mechanism in the brain that prevents harmful substances from entering the central nervous system. It is formed by the feet of astrocytes, a type of brain cell, that wrap around the brain capillaries. These astrocytes create a physical and chemical barrier that selectively allows certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. The correct answer, "blood-brain barrier," refers to this protective barrier in the brain. The alternative answer, "blood brain barrier," is simply a variation in the wording but still refers to the same concept.
27.
The blood-brain barrier is a filter that only allows all of these to pass through it except which one?
Correct Answer
C. Proteins and antibiotics
Explanation
The blood-brain barrier is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the blood from the brain and spinal cord. It allows the passage of essential substances like water and nutrients, as well as certain lipid-soluble molecules like fatty acids, anesthetics, alcohol, and nicotine. However, it restricts the entry of larger molecules such as proteins and antibiotics, preventing them from reaching the brain tissue.
28.
The superior most part of the brain which accounts for 60% of the brain's mass
Correct Answer
B. Cerebral hemispHeres
Explanation
The cerebral hemispheres refer to the two halves of the brain, known as the left and right hemispheres. They are the largest part of the brain and are responsible for various functions, including language, reasoning, problem-solving, and sensory processing. The cerebral hemispheres make up about 60% of the brain's mass, making them the superior most part of the brain.
29.
What are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Correct Answer
frontal parietal occipital temporal insula
frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe insula
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, insula
Explanation
The correct answer is "frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, insula." These are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. The frontal lobe is responsible for decision-making, problem-solving, and motor control. The parietal lobe processes sensory information and spatial awareness. The occipital lobe is involved in visual processing. The temporal lobe plays a role in auditory processing and memory. The insula is involved in emotion, empathy, and self-awareness.
30.
Found in the lateral sulcus and forms part of the lateral sulcus' floor
Correct Answer
E. Insula
Explanation
The insula is a region of the brain that is found in the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor. It is located deep within the brain and is covered by the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. The insula is involved in various functions, including emotion, self-awareness, empathy, and motor control.
31.
The outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres which is 2-4 mm. in thickness; and because of its convolutions which increase its surface area, this makes up 40% of the brains mass
Correct Answer
B. Cerebral cortex
Explanation
The cerebral cortex is the correct answer because it is the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres, which is 2-4 mm thick. It is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, memory, language, and consciousness. The convolutions of the cerebral cortex increase its surface area, allowing for more complex processing. Additionally, the cerebral cortex makes up 40% of the brain's mass, further supporting its importance in brain function.
32.
The cerebral cortex is composed of __________ which is neurons and unmyelinated fibers
Correct Answer
B. Gray matter
Explanation
The correct answer is gray matter. The cerebral cortex is made up of gray matter, which consists of neurons and unmyelinated fibers. Gray matter is responsible for processing and integrating information in the brain, while white matter, which is composed of myelinated fibers, serves to connect different regions of gray matter.
33.
Involved in the perceptions, communication, memory, reasoning, and voluntary movement
Correct Answer
cerebral cortex
Explanation
The cerebral cortex is involved in various cognitive functions such as perceptions, communication, memory, reasoning, and voluntary movement. It is the outer layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in higher-order thinking and processing information. The cortex is responsible for receiving sensory input, interpreting it, and generating appropriate responses. It also houses the areas responsible for language, problem-solving, decision-making, and motor control. Overall, the cerebral cortex is essential for our ability to perceive, understand, and interact with the world around us.
34.
Each hemisphere is responsible for the sensory and motor activities of the same side of the body
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The given statement is false. Each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for the sensory and motor activities of the opposite side of the body. This is known as contralateral control. For example, the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. This is due to the crossing over of nerve fibers in the brainstem.
35.
The cerebral cortex is responsible for all of the following except:
Correct Answer
C. Involuntary movement
Explanation
The cerebral cortex is responsible for consciousness, voluntary movement, memory, and logical thoughts and judgments. However, it is not responsible for involuntary movement. Involuntary movements are controlled by other parts of the brain, such as the basal ganglia and the cerebellum.
36.
The cerebral cortex has three functional areas. They include:
Correct Answer(s)
A. Association areas
B. Motor areas
D. Sensory areas
Explanation
The cerebral cortex is divided into different functional areas, each responsible for specific functions. The association areas are involved in higher cognitive processes, such as memory, language, and problem-solving. The motor areas control voluntary movements and are responsible for initiating and coordinating muscle movements. The sensory areas receive and process sensory information from the environment, allowing us to perceive and interpret sensations such as touch, taste, and vision. Therefore, the correct answer includes association areas, motor areas, and sensory areas, which represent the different functions of the cerebral cortex.
37.
Located in the frontal lobe. It is involved in the control of motor functions in the brain
Correct Answer
C. Motor areas
Explanation
The correct answer is "motor areas" because the statement mentions that it is involved in the control of motor functions in the brain. The frontal lobe is known to contain motor areas responsible for planning, initiating, and executing voluntary movements. These motor areas receive input from other parts of the brain and send signals to the muscles, allowing us to perform various motor functions.
38.
Located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere. It is responsible for the conscious control of the movements of the skeletal muscles
Correct Answer
D. Primary (somatic) motor cortex
Explanation
The primary (somatic) motor cortex is located on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere. It is responsible for the conscious control of the movements of the skeletal muscles.
39.
Damage to the Primary Motor Cortex destroys what?
Correct Answer
A. Movement
Explanation
Damage to the Primary Motor Cortex destroys movement. The Primary Motor Cortex is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements in the body. It sends signals to the muscles to execute specific actions. Damage to this area can result in paralysis or difficulty in coordinating movements, leading to a loss of the ability to move certain body parts or perform complex movements.
40.
What is another name for the Premotor cortex?
Correct Answer
C. Motor association cortex
Explanation
The Premotor cortex is also known as the Motor association cortex. This area of the brain plays a crucial role in planning and coordinating voluntary movements. It receives information from various sensory areas and helps in integrating sensory inputs with motor outputs. The Motor association cortex is involved in the preparation and execution of complex movements, as well as in the learning and adaptation of motor skills.
41.
Controls muscles that are involved in learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature like playing a horn or typing ( memory bank of skilled motor activities)
Correct Answer
A. Premotor cortex
Explanation
The premotor cortex is responsible for controlling the muscles involved in learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, such as playing a horn or typing. It acts as a memory bank for skilled motor activities, allowing for the smooth execution of these movements without conscious effort. Unlike the primary motor cortex, which directly controls voluntary movements, the premotor cortex is involved in planning and organizing these complex motor sequences.
42.
Damage in this area destroys the ability to do the activities programed in that area, not the ability to move the muscles.
Correct Answer
D. Premotor cortex
Explanation
The premotor cortex is responsible for planning and coordinating movements. Damage to this area would affect the ability to perform activities that require planning and coordination, rather than affecting the ability to simply move the muscles. This suggests that the premotor cortex plays a role in programming and organizing specific movements, rather than directly controlling muscle movement.
43.
The motor speech area which is located at the base of the premotor cortex on the left cerebral hemisphere. This area contains the learned muscle movement programming needed to form the spoken word (controls the muscles used in speech)
Correct Answer
A. Broca's Area
Explanation
Broca's Area is the correct answer because it is the motor speech area located in the left cerebral hemisphere. It is situated at the base of the premotor cortex and is responsible for controlling the muscles used in speech. This area contains the learned muscle movement programming required to form spoken words. Wernicke's Area, on the other hand, is responsible for language comprehension and is located in the temporal lobe.
44.
Sensory area receives sensory information from the body and it is located in which three lobes?
Correct Answer(s)
B. Parietal
C. Occipital
D. Temporal
Explanation
The sensory area receives sensory information from the body and is located in the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. These lobes are responsible for processing different types of sensory information. The parietal lobe processes touch, temperature, and pain sensations. The occipital lobe processes visual information. The temporal lobe processes auditory information and is also involved in processing language and memory.
45.
What is another name for the primary sensory cortex?
Correct Answer(s)
somatosensory cortex
Explanation
The primary sensory cortex is also known as the somatosensory cortex. This area of the brain is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, temperature, and pain from various parts of the body. It plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interpret sensory stimuli.
46.
The primary sensory cortex is located on the ______________ of the parietal lobe behind the primary motor cortex
Correct Answer
B. Postcentral gyrus
Explanation
The primary sensory cortex is located on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe behind the primary motor cortex. The postcentral gyrus is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information from different parts of the body. It receives input from sensory receptors and sends signals to other areas of the brain for further processing. This location allows for efficient communication between the sensory and motor areas of the brain, enabling coordinated movement and sensory perception.
47.
The primary sensory cortex receives sensory information from the ______ and ____________ (muscle spindles)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Skin
C. Skeletal muscles
Explanation
The primary sensory cortex is responsible for receiving sensory information from various parts of the body. The skin is a major sensory organ that detects touch, temperature, and pain. The skeletal muscles also provide sensory information through muscle spindles, which are specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in muscle length and tension. Therefore, the primary sensory cortex receives sensory information from both the skin and skeletal muscles.
48.
The more sensitive the body part is the larger its area on the sensory cortex.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the sensory cortex is responsible for processing sensory information from different parts of the body. The amount of space allocated to a specific body part in the sensory cortex is proportional to the level of sensitivity of that body part. This means that body parts that are more sensitive, such as the lips or fingertips, will have larger areas in the sensory cortex compared to less sensitive body parts.
49.
Located posteriorly to the primary sensory cortex in the parietal lobe, and it connects with the primary sensory cortex
Correct Answer
B. Somatosensory association area
Explanation
The somatosensory association area is located posteriorly to the primary sensory cortex in the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information related to touch, temperature, and proprioception. It connects with the primary sensory cortex to further analyze and integrate sensory inputs, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of the body's position and movement in space.
50.
Monitor and analyzes somatic sensory input to determine size, space, texture, and part relationships
Correct Answer
Somatosensory association area
somatosensory
Somatosensory association
Explanation
The somatosensory association area is responsible for monitoring and analyzing somatic sensory input to determine various aspects such as size, space, texture, and part relationships. This area integrates information from the primary somatosensory cortex and other sensory areas to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the body's sensory experiences. The terms "somatosensory" and "Somatosensory association" are related to this function, but they do not specifically refer to the area itself.