Chapter 6 General Anatomy And Physiology

The correct answer is cranium. The cranium is the oval, bony case that protects the brain. It is made up of several bones that are fused together to form a strong and durable structure. The cranium plays a vital role in safeguarding the delicate brain from injuries and trauma.

Osteology is the study of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones. It involves examining the different types of bones, their composition, and their role in the skeletal system. By studying osteology, one can gain a deeper understanding of bone development, bone diseases, and the mechanics of movement. This knowledge is crucial in various fields such as medicine, anthropology, and forensic science.

The correct answer is cytoplasm. Cytoplasm refers to all the contents of a cell except for the nucleus. It includes the cytosol, organelles, and other structures within the cell. Cystine is a type of amino acid, neuron is a nerve cell, and mandible is a bone in the jaw. None of these options fit the description of the protoplasm of a cell except for the nucleus.

The respiratory system enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product. This system includes the lungs, airways, and diaphragm, which work together to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment, ensuring that oxygen is delivered to the cells for energy production and waste gases are eliminated.

The correct answer is nucleus. The nucleus is a dense active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It is often referred to as the control center of the cell as it contains the genetic material (DNA) and is responsible for regulating the cell's activities. The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell, the cell membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, and chromatid refers to the duplicated chromosome during cell division.

The parietal bones are correct because they are the two bones that form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium. They are located towards the middle of the skull and join together at the sagittal suture. The occipital bones form the back and base of the skull, the lacrimal bones are the smallest bones in the face and are located around the eye sockets, and the zygomatic bones are cheekbones.

The correct answer is "play a role in equalizing." This means that blood helps to maintain a stable body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body. It does not solely affect temperature or only raise it, but rather plays a role in balancing and equalizing the temperature throughout the body.

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within cells to sustain life and enable cells to carry out their activities. It involves the conversion of nutrients into energy, the synthesis and breakdown of molecules, and the elimination of waste products. Metabolism is essential for various cellular functions such as growth, repair, and reproduction. Mitosis and meiosis are cellular processes involved in cell division, while respiration is the process of obtaining energy from the breakdown of nutrients. However, none of these processes encompass the entirety of cellular nourishment and activity like metabolism does.

The correct answer is upper jaw. The maxillae bones are a pair of bones that form the upper jaw. They are located just below the eye sockets and extend towards the front of the face. The maxillae bones are responsible for supporting the upper teeth and are an important part of the facial structure.

The ulna is the correct answer because it is the larger bone in the forearm, located on the side of the little finger. It is attached to the wrist and forms part of the joint that allows for rotation of the forearm. The ulna works together with the radius, the other bone in the forearm, to provide stability and support to the arm.

The extensors are the muscles responsible for straightening the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line. These muscles work in opposition to the flexor muscles, which are responsible for bending the wrist, hand, and fingers. The pronators and supinators are muscles that rotate the forearm, but they do not directly affect the straightening or bending of the wrist, hand, and fingers. Therefore, the correct answer is extensors.

The correct answer is aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen. It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, supplying all organs and tissues with the necessary nutrients and oxygen. The jugular, ventricle, and carotid are not arteries but rather refer to other structures in the body.

Neurology is the study of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It focuses on understanding the structure, function, and diseases associated with these components. The muscular system is the system responsible for movement, the integumentary system is related to the skin, hair, and nails, and the skeletal system pertains to bones and joints. Therefore, the correct answer is the nervous system, as it aligns with the definition and scope of neurology.

White blood cells are also known as leukocytes. Leukocytes are a type of blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system by defending the body against infections and diseases. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream, constantly monitoring for any signs of infection or foreign substances. Leukocytes are responsible for identifying and destroying pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, through various mechanisms, including phagocytosis and the release of chemicals. Therefore, leukocytes are commonly referred to as white blood cells due to their colorless appearance when viewed under a microscope.

The ulnar and radial arteries are the main blood supply for the arms and hands. These arteries are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues of the upper extremities. The ulnar artery runs along the inner side of the forearm and supplies blood to the medial side of the hand and fingers. The radial artery runs along the outer side of the forearm and supplies blood to the lateral side of the hand and fingers. Together, these arteries ensure proper blood circulation and nourishment to the arms and hands.

Anabolism refers to the constructive phase of metabolism where complex molecules are built from simpler ones. This process requires energy and is responsible for the growth, repair, and maintenance of cells and tissues. In contrast, catabolism is the destructive phase of metabolism where complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy. Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cell division and reproduction, respectively, and are not directly related to the constructive phase of metabolism.

The origin of a muscle refers to the point of attachment of the muscle to the bone that remains fixed during muscle contraction. This means that the origin does not move when the muscle contracts. The other options, such as the belly, insertion, and tendon, all involve movement or attachment points that are involved in muscle contraction or movement. Therefore, the correct answer is origin.

Enzymes are chemicals that facilitate the breakdown of certain types of food into a soluble form that can be easily absorbed and utilized by the body. They play a crucial role in the digestive process by speeding up chemical reactions and breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones. This allows the body to extract nutrients and energy from food efficiently. Enzymes are produced by various organs and glands in the body, such as the pancreas and salivary glands, and are essential for proper digestion and nutrient absorption.

Muscle tissue is the correct answer because it is responsible for contracting and moving various parts of the body. Muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers that have the ability to contract and generate force, allowing for movement and locomotion. This tissue type is found throughout the body, including in the skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles. Nerve tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue do not have the same contractile properties as muscle tissue and are not primarily involved in movement.

Receptors are sensory nerve endings that are located close to the surface of the skin. They are responsible for detecting and responding to various stimuli such as touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Receptors play a crucial role in the transmission of sensory information to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret our surroundings.

The correct answer is epicranius. The epicranius is a broad muscle that covers the top of the head. It consists of two main parts, the frontalis muscle and the occipitalis muscle, which are connected by a tendon called the galea aponeurotica. The epicranius helps to raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead.

The integumentary system serves as a protective coating for the body and helps regulate its temperature. It includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens and harmful substances, preventing them from entering the body. It also helps regulate body temperature by sweating to cool down or constricting blood vessels to retain heat. Additionally, the integumentary system plays a role in sensory perception, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion of waste products through sweat.

Valves are structures in the body that allow blood flow in only one direction. They function by opening and closing to regulate the flow of blood through various passages, such as in the heart and veins. This unidirectional flow is crucial for the proper functioning of the circulatory system, preventing backflow and ensuring that blood moves efficiently through the body.

The tibia is the larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee. It is commonly known as the shinbone and is located on the inner side of the leg. The fibula is the smaller bone that runs parallel to the tibia, while the femur is the thigh bone located above the knee. The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a small bone that protects the front of the knee joint. Therefore, the tibia is the correct answer as it is the larger bone below the knee.

The correct answer is muscular. The muscular system is responsible for covering, shaping, and supporting the skeletal tissue. Muscles attach to bones and provide movement and stability to the skeletal system. They also protect internal organs and help maintain posture.

Epithelial tissue lines the heart, digestive, and respiratory organs. Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that covers the surfaces of organs and forms the lining of various body cavities. It acts as a protective barrier and helps in absorption, secretion, and filtration. It is composed of tightly packed cells that are closely connected to each other, forming a continuous sheet. This tissue type is well-suited for organs that require a protective lining and surface for exchange of substances.

Smooth muscles, also known as nonstriated muscles, are responsible for involuntary movements in the body. Unlike striated muscles, which have a striped appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments, smooth muscles lack this striation. Smooth muscles are found in various organs such as the digestive system, blood vessels, and reproductive system. They are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and play a crucial role in functions like digestion, blood flow regulation, and childbirth. Cardiac muscles, on the other hand, are a specialized type of striated muscle found only in the heart. Trapezius muscles are skeletal muscles responsible for movements of the shoulder and neck.

The popliteal artery is responsible for supplying blood to the foot. It then divides into two separate arteries, namely the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. The anterior tibial artery continues down the front of the leg, while the posterior tibial artery travels along the back of the leg. Both arteries play a crucial role in providing oxygenated blood to the lower leg and foot muscles, ensuring their proper functioning.

The median nerve supplies impulses to the arm and hand. This is because the median nerve is a major nerve in the upper limb that originates from the brachial plexus in the neck and travels down the arm. It innervates the muscles of the forearm and hand, providing motor control and sensation to these areas. Therefore, the correct answer is arm and hand.

Myology is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the study of muscles. It encompasses the examination of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of muscles. Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms, including muscles, but it is not as specific to muscles as myology. Histology is the study of tissues, including muscle tissues, but it does not cover the broader aspects of muscles. Physiology is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms, which includes muscles but is not solely focused on them.

The lymphatic system is responsible for draining the tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid. This system consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs. Lymphatic vessels collect the excess fluid from the tissues and transport it back to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and help in the immune response by trapping and destroying pathogens. Therefore, the lymphatic system is the correct answer as it is specifically designed to remove excess interstitial fluid from the tissue spaces.

The pancreas is a gland of the endocrine system that secretes enzyme-producing cells responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It plays a vital role in the digestion process by releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine to break down these macronutrients into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. Additionally, the pancreas also produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.

The excretory system is responsible for eliminating waste matter from the body. It consists of organs such as the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, which filter and remove waste products like urine and excess water from the bloodstream. This system helps maintain the body's balance of fluids and electrolytes and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and homeostasis.

The lymphatic system protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing toxins and bacteria. It does this through the production and circulation of lymphocytes, which are specialized white blood cells that identify and attack foreign substances in the body. The lymphatic system also helps to remove waste, toxins, and excess fluid from tissues, further aiding in the body's defense against disease.

The correct answer is right atrium because deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, the blood then passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and from there it is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated.

The procerus muscle is the primary nasal muscle of concern to cosmetologists. This muscle is located between the eyebrows and is responsible for wrinkling the skin on the bridge of the nose and pulling the eyebrows downwards. Cosmetologists often focus on this muscle when performing treatments to improve the appearance of the nose and eyebrows.

The seventh cranial nerve, also known as the facial nerve, is the chief motor nerve of the face. It controls the muscles of facial expression, allowing us to smile, frown, and make various facial expressions. It also innervates the muscles involved in eyelid closure, tear production, and taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Damage to the seventh cranial nerve can result in facial weakness or paralysis on one side of the face.

The infraorbital artery is the correct answer because it is responsible for supplying blood to the muscles of the eye. This artery originates from the ophthalmic artery and travels through the infraorbital canal to reach the eye. Once it reaches the eye, it branches out to supply blood to the various muscles, including those responsible for eye movement and focusing.

The mental nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensation to the lower lip and chin. It does not affect the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth as stated in the other options.

Microscopic anatomy is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues. It involves the examination of cells, tissues, and organs at a microscopic level to understand their structure and function. Histology, on the other hand, specifically refers to the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. While both terms are closely related, microscopic anatomy is a broader term that encompasses the study of all microscopic structures in living organisms.

The correct answer is "front of the leg." The deep peroneal nerve is a branch of the common peroneal nerve that runs down the front of the leg, along with the deep peroneal artery. It supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, which are responsible for dorsiflexion and toe extension. It also provides sensory innervation to the skin on the top of the foot and the first web space between the first and second toes.

The peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying impulses or messages to and from the central nervous system. It consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. This system controls voluntary movements and sensations, as well as involuntary functions such as regulating heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

The correct answer is intestines and stomach. The intestines and stomach are the organs responsible for the digestion of food. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes and acids to break down food, while the intestines absorb nutrients from the digested food. The kidneys, on the other hand, are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine, not for digestion.