Chapter 4, 5, 6 Review

The correct answer is neuron. A neuron is the basic building block of the nervous system. It is a specialized cell that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons are responsible for processing and transmitting information in the form of nerve impulses, allowing the nervous system to coordinate and control various bodily functions. The other options, alveoli, meninges, and pharynx, are not related to the fundamental unit of the nervous system.

The heart belongs to the circulatory system. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The heart acts as a pump, continuously pumping blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's cells and organs. It also helps remove waste products from the body. Without the heart and the circulatory system, the body would not receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

The gallbladder stores bile, which is a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Bile helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. When food containing fats enters the small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the digestive system to aid in the digestion process. The stored bile in the gallbladder is released in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is released by the small intestine when fats are detected.

T4 and TSH are abbreviations for tests that measure the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body. T4, also known as thyroxine, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, while TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T4. Therefore, the correct answer is thyroid.

Anemia is a disease characterized by an abnormally decreased red blood cell count. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, chronic diseases, or genetic disorders. When there is a low red blood cell count, the body may not receive enough oxygen, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, supplements, medications, or blood transfusions.

Metabolism refers to the sum total of all chemical and physical reactions that occur in the body to sustain life. It includes both anabolism, the building up of complex molecules from simpler ones, and catabolism, the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. Metabolism is essential for processes such as energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's tissues and organs.

The integumentary system is responsible for protecting the body from external factors, such as pathogens and UV radiation. It also helps in regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood vessel constriction or dilation. Furthermore, the skin acts as a sensory organ, receiving environmental stimuli such as touch, pressure, and temperature. However, the manufacture of Vitamin C is not a function of the integumentary system. Vitamin C is primarily produced in the liver and is important for various bodily functions, including collagen synthesis and immune system support.

Multiple Sclerosis is a nervous system disorder characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This results in communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body, leading to a range of symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, and problems with coordination and balance. Hepatitis, nephritis, and pruritis, on the other hand, are not nervous system disorders. Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys, and pruritis is severe itching of the skin.

The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating the activities of all the other body systems. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which transmit signals throughout the body. Through these signals, the nervous system regulates functions such as movement, sensation, and organ function. It allows different body systems to communicate and work together, ensuring that they function harmoniously and respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.

The sample for fibrin degradation products (FDP) testing would be sent to the Coagulation department. Coagulation is the process of blood clotting, and FDP testing is used to measure the breakdown products of fibrin, which is involved in clot formation. Therefore, it makes sense to send the sample to the Coagulation department for analysis and interpretation of the FDP results.

The urinary system is responsible for maintaining electrolyte balance in the body. Electrolytes are essential for various bodily functions, including maintaining proper fluid balance, regulating nerve and muscle function, and supporting cell function. The kidneys, which are a part of the urinary system, filter waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood, and then reabsorb the necessary electrolytes back into the bloodstream while excreting the excess. This process helps to maintain the proper levels of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, in the body, ensuring overall balance and proper functioning of various bodily systems.

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "Master Gland" of the endocrine system because it plays a crucial role in regulating and controlling other glands in the body. It produces and releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the production of hormones in other glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and ovaries/testes. The pituitary gland also controls growth, metabolism, reproduction, and various other bodily functions. Therefore, it is considered the most important gland in the endocrine system and is responsible for maintaining overall hormonal balance in the body.

The adrenal gland is responsible for producing the fight or flight hormone. This hormone, known as adrenaline or epinephrine, is released in response to stress or danger. It helps to prepare the body for a quick response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. The adrenal gland is located on top of the kidneys and consists of two parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing adrenaline, while the adrenal cortex produces other hormones such as cortisol.

The endocrine system is responsible for releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream. This system consists of various glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands, which produce and secrete hormones. These hormones are then transported through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they regulate various bodily functions and processes. Unlike the nervous system, which uses electrical signals, the endocrine system uses chemical messengers (hormones) to communicate and coordinate activities throughout the body.

Atrophy refers to the wasting or decrease in size of a muscle due to inactivity. When a muscle is not used or exercised regularly, it can weaken and shrink in size. This can happen as a result of various factors such as prolonged immobilization, lack of physical activity, or certain medical conditions. Atrophy can lead to muscle weakness and loss of function. Regular exercise and physical activity are important to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain muscle strength and size.

The rapid plasma regain (RPR) test is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis primarily affects the reproductive system, as it can lead to complications in pregnancy, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital syphilis in newborns. Therefore, the correct answer is reproductive.

All of the options listed, cystitis, renal failure, and uremia, are disorders of the urinary system. Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder, renal failure is the loss of kidney function, and uremia is the buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction. Therefore, all three options are correct as they represent different disorders that can affect the urinary system.

Hyperglycemia is the medical term used to describe elevated blood sugar levels. It occurs when there is an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often due to a lack of insulin or insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia is commonly associated with conditions such as diabetes, and if left untreated, it can lead to various complications. Monitoring blood sugar levels and managing them through proper diet, exercise, and medication are essential in controlling hyperglycemia.

The muscular system is responsible for various functions in the body, including producing heat, maintaining posture, and providing movement. However, it does not have a direct role in storing calcium. Calcium storage primarily occurs in the bones, which are part of the skeletal system. Muscles do play a role in calcium regulation, as they require calcium for contraction, but they do not store calcium themselves.

Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. This condition can be caused by various factors such as viral infections, alcohol abuse, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications. Inflammation of the liver can lead to symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and liver dysfunction. It is important to diagnose and treat hepatitis promptly to prevent further complications and liver damage.

Hemostasis is the correct answer because it refers to the process of controlling blood flow. It involves the constriction of blood vessels and the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding.

Thyroxin is a hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism. It increases the metabolic rate of cells throughout the body, which leads to increased energy production and utilization. This hormone is essential for maintaining normal growth and development, as well as regulating body temperature and heart rate. Overall, thyroxin is responsible for increasing metabolism and influencing various physiological processes in the body.

Hemostasis refers to the coagulation process, which is the body's natural mechanism to stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, a series of events occur to form a blood clot, sealing the damaged area and preventing further blood loss. This process involves platelet activation, clot formation, and clot retraction. Hemostasis is essential for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system and preventing excessive bleeding.