Chapter 3 Human Geo.

Brain drain is the exodus of talented people from a less developed country (LDC) due to more lucrative job offers elsewhere. This refers to the phenomenon where highly skilled individuals, such as scientists, engineers, and professionals, leave their home country to seek better opportunities and higher salaries in more developed countries. The term "brain drain" highlights the loss of intellectual capital and expertise that occurs when these talented individuals migrate, which can have negative effects on the LDC's economy and development.

Migration from rural to urban areas has skyrocketed in recent years in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. This trend can be attributed to various factors such as better job opportunities, improved access to education and healthcare, and the allure of a better quality of life in urban areas. Urban areas often offer a wider range of employment options and higher wages compared to rural areas, attracting individuals in search of better economic prospects. Additionally, urban areas tend to have better infrastructure, amenities, and services, making them more desirable for those seeking improved living conditions.

Arizona and New Mexico were the last two states to be admitted among the contiguous forty-eight states. This means that after the admission of Arizona, only New Mexico remained to be admitted, making it the final state to join the contiguous forty-eight states.

The correct answer is Mexico because the border between the U.S. and Mexico extends over 2,000 miles and is known for a significant amount of illegal immigration.

Forced migration refers to the situation where migrants are forced to leave their country due to political reasons. This could include factors such as political persecution, war, conflict, or political instability. In these cases, individuals or groups are compelled to emigrate in order to seek safety, security, or better opportunities in another country. Forced migration is often involuntary and can result in significant challenges and hardships for the migrants, as they are forced to leave behind their homes, communities, and often face uncertain futures in their new host country.

International migration refers to the permanent relocation of individuals from one country to another. This process involves individuals moving across national borders with the intention of settling in a new country for an extended period or permanently. The movement can be driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, political stability, family reunification, or seeking refuge. Therefore, the correct answer is "country" as it accurately completes the sentence and aligns with the definition of international migration.

Negative perceptions of the political, economic, and environmental conditions of their own countries can create a strong motivation for people to leave and seek better opportunities elsewhere. These negative perceptions, often referred to as push factors, push individuals to migrate in search of improved living conditions, economic stability, and political freedom. Push factors can include factors such as political instability, economic downturns, lack of job opportunities, poverty, war, environmental disasters, and discrimination.

Brazil constructed a new capitol in the interior of the country to facilitate settlement of the interior. This suggests that the government of Brazil recognized the need to develop and populate the interior regions of the country. By building a new capitol in the interior, it would attract people and resources, promoting growth and development in those areas. This decision also reflects a strategic move to decentralize power and resources from the coastal regions, promoting a more balanced and equitable distribution of resources and opportunities throughout the country.

Migration is the permanent move by people from one place to another. This means that individuals are relocating with the intention of settling in a new location for an extended period or indefinitely. Unlike temporary moves, such as vacations or business trips, migration involves a more significant and lasting change in residence. People migrate for various reasons, including seeking better economic opportunities, escaping conflict or persecution, or joining family members in a different location. Regardless of the specific motivations, migration involves a permanent change in living arrangements.

Guest workers are individuals who migrate to Europe and Middle Eastern countries for employment purposes but do not receive citizenship. They are often recruited to fill labor shortages in industries such as construction, agriculture, and manufacturing. These workers typically have temporary work permits and are expected to return to their home countries once their employment contract expires. The term "guest workers" reflects their temporary status and the fact that they are not granted the same rights and privileges as citizens.

Pull factors are conditions or factors that attract or encourage people to relocate or move to a new location. These factors can include better job opportunities, higher wages, improved living standards, access to better education or healthcare facilities, political stability, and a safer environment. These positive aspects act as incentives and motivate individuals or families to leave their current location and seek a better life elsewhere. Therefore, the correct answer is "move."

Germany has been the largest supplier of emigrants to the U.S. from Europe with 7.1 million. This means that Germany has sent the highest number of people to the United States compared to any other European country. The large number of emigrants from Germany suggests that there has been a significant movement of people from Germany to the U.S., possibly due to factors such as economic opportunities, political stability, or personal reasons.

In 1921, the U.S. implemented quotas to restrict the number of immigrants entering the country. This policy aimed to control and limit the influx of immigrants by setting specific numerical limits on the number of individuals allowed to enter from different countries. The quotas were established to address concerns about the impact of immigration on the economy, job market, and social stability in the United States.

A person who helps Mexican individuals enter the U.S. illegally for a fee is commonly referred to as a "coyote". The term "coyote" is often used to describe individuals who engage in human smuggling activities across the U.S.-Mexico border. These individuals act as guides, providing transportation and assistance to those seeking to enter the U.S. without proper documentation. The term "coyote" is derived from the animal known for its ability to navigate through difficult terrain, similar to how these individuals navigate the complex and dangerous process of illegal border crossings.

During the mid-19th century, Ireland experienced a devastating event known as the Great Famine. The primary cause of this famine was the destruction of the potato crop, which was the staple food for the majority of the Irish population. A fungus called Phytophthora infestans, commonly known as potato blight, infected and destroyed the potato plants, leading to widespread crop failure. As a result, several million Irish people were forced to leave their homeland in search of food and better living conditions, leading to mass emigration and significant population decline.

African-Americans in the U.S. have migrated from the Southern states to northern cities such as New York, Detroit, and Chicago over the past 100 years. This mass movement of African-Americans from the South to the North is known as the Great Migration. It occurred primarily between 1910 and 1970, driven by factors such as economic opportunities, escape from racial segregation and violence, and the hope for a better life in the North. The Great Migration had a significant impact on the demographics, culture, and civil rights movement in both the Southern and Northern regions of the United States.

During the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, severe drought and dust storms devastated the Great Plains region, making it difficult for farmers to grow crops and sustain their livelihoods. As a result, many "Okies," referring to people from Oklahoma, were forced to migrate in search of better opportunities. California became a popular destination for these migrants due to its reputation for agricultural abundance and job prospects in industries such as farming and manufacturing. The state offered hope for a fresh start and the chance to rebuild their lives.

The correct answer is "Intraregional Migration." This term refers to the movement of individuals from one place to another within the same region. It could involve moving from one city to another or from one neighborhood to another within the same city. Intraregional migration is a common phenomenon that occurs for various reasons such as job opportunities, lifestyle changes, or seeking better living conditions.

In the past 500 years, millions of people have left Europe for new lives on other continents. The answer of 60 million suggests that a significant number of individuals have migrated from Europe during this time period. This indicates a substantial movement of people seeking opportunities, better lives, or escaping various circumstances in their home countries. The migration has contributed to the cultural, economic, and social diversity across different continents.

The statement suggests that since the 1960s, the majority of immigrants have been coming from Latin America. The blank space indicates that there is another region from where immigrants are coming. The correct answer, "Asia," completes the sentence by stating that the remaining one-sixth of immigrants come from Asia.

Mobility refers to the ability of humans to move from one place to another. It encompasses various forms of movement such as walking, running, driving, and flying. This ability is essential for individuals to travel, explore, and interact with their surroundings. Mobility plays a crucial role in daily life activities, enabling people to commute, seek employment opportunities, access education and healthcare, and maintain social connections. Additionally, advancements in transportation technology have significantly enhanced human mobility, making it faster, more convenient, and accessible to a larger population.

The United Kingdom receives as many immigrants from countries that are from its formal colonies. This can be attributed to the historical ties and colonial legacy of the United Kingdom. Many former colonies of the United Kingdom have strong cultural, economic, and linguistic connections to the UK, which may attract immigrants from those countries. Additionally, the United Kingdom's immigration policies and visa options may also play a role in attracting immigrants from its former colonies.

The correct answer is "West South" because the statement mentions that the geographic center of the U.S. population has continually moved mostly in a westward direction and slightly towards the south from its original position since the 1790 U.S. Census. This indicates that the center has been shifting towards the western and southern regions of the country over time.

Eritrea was engaged in conflict with Ethiopia before it became an independent state in 1993. This conflict was a result of a long-standing territorial dispute and power struggle between the two neighboring countries. The conflict lasted for several decades and resulted in a significant loss of lives and resources. It was only after a referendum in Eritrea in 1993 that the country gained independence from Ethiopia.

The Mariel Boatlift brought emigrants from Cuba to the U.S.

Arizona has pulled many people to it because of its climate's reputation for low pollen counts. This means that the state of Arizona is known for having a low amount of pollen in the air, making it an attractive destination for individuals who suffer from allergies or hay fever. The low pollen counts in Arizona can provide relief to those who are sensitive to pollen and allow them to enjoy a more comfortable living environment.

The given correct answer for this question is "ethnic cleansing". This term refers to the deliberate and systematic removal or extermination of a particular ethnic or religious group from a specific area. In the context of the former Yugoslavia, Serbs have been accused of engaging in ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims during the Bosnian War in the 1990s. This involved various atrocities such as mass killings, forced displacement, rape, and destruction of cultural and religious sites.

The most important pull factor for immigrants to the U.S. and Canada is economic improvement. This means that individuals are attracted to these countries because they believe they will have better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living. They hope to find better job prospects, higher wages, and improved economic conditions for themselves and their families. This pull factor is driven by the perception that the U.S. and Canada offer greater economic stability, social mobility, and the chance to achieve a better quality of life.

The Atlantic Ocean, Rocky Mountains, and Sahara have acted as barriers or obstacles for people who wanted to migrate across them. These geographical features have presented challenges such as long distances to travel, harsh climates, and difficult terrain, making it difficult for people to cross and migrate to the other side.

The correct answer is North and West. During the first two waves of European immigration to the U.S., the majority of immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe. These regions included countries such as Germany, Ireland, England, and Scandinavia. Factors such as economic opportunities, political instability, and religious persecution drove many individuals from these regions to seek a better life in the United States. This influx of immigrants from North and West Europe had a significant impact on the cultural, social, and economic development of the United States.

Australia was originally settled by convicts. This refers to the period of British colonization in the late 18th century when the British government sent convicted criminals to Australia as a form of punishment. These convicts were transported to Australia and established the first European settlements on the continent. This settlement eventually led to the establishment of the Australian nation.

The largest number of refugees in the world was a result of the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. The invasion, which took place from 1979 to 1989, led to widespread conflict and displacement within Afghanistan. As a result, millions of Afghan citizens were forced to flee their homes and seek refuge in neighboring countries and beyond. This event had a significant impact on global refugee populations and continues to shape the political and social landscape of Afghanistan to this day.

The correct answer is 675 thousand because it states the number of visas that the U.S. yearly issues to legal immigrants.

People who arrive in the U.S. without the consent of the U.S. government are referred to as "illegal immigrants" because their entry into the country violates immigration laws and regulations. This term is commonly used to describe individuals who enter or reside in a country without proper authorization or documentation from the government. Illegal immigration is a significant issue in many countries, including the United States, and has various social, economic, and political implications.

90% of the immigrants to the U.S. before 1840 originated in Great Britain. This suggests that a large majority of the early immigrants came from Great Britain, indicating a strong historical connection between the two countries. The reasons for this could include economic opportunities, religious freedom, and political instability in Great Britain during that time period. The influx of British immigrants played a significant role in shaping the early demographic and cultural landscape of the United States.

The correct answer is political, economic, and environmental. These three factors are commonly identified as the main reasons why individuals choose to leave their home country and migrate to another. Political factors include issues such as persecution, war, and lack of political freedom. Economic factors refer to the lack of job opportunities, low wages, and poverty. Environmental factors involve natural disasters, climate change, and lack of resources. Together, these push factors can greatly influence a person's decision to leave their home and seek better opportunities elsewhere.

Many Afghan refugees sought refuge in Iran and Pakistan due to their proximity to Afghanistan and their willingness to provide shelter and assistance to those fleeing the conflict and instability in their home country. Iran and Pakistan have historically hosted large numbers of Afghan refugees and have established refugee camps and programs to support them. These countries have been seen as relatively safe havens for Afghan refugees, offering them a chance to rebuild their lives and access basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare.