Chapter 29- Take 2
- 1.
Oxyegenated blood flows through the
- A.
Superior vena cava
- B.
Pulmonary veins
- C.
Pulmonary arteries
- D.
Coronary veins
Correct Answer
B. Pulmonary veinsExplanation
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. After the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it is transported through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium of the heart. From there, it is pumped into the left ventricle and then circulated to the rest of the body. Unlike the other options listed, the pulmonary veins specifically carry oxygenated blood, making them the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The hepatic vein:
- A.
Carries blood from the vena cava to the liver
- B.
Carries blood from the liver to the vena cava
- C.
Carries blood from the aorta to the liver
- D.
Carries blood from the liver to the aorta
Correct Answer
B. Carries blood from the liver to the vena cavaExplanation
The hepatic vein is responsible for carrying blood from the liver to the vena cava. The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic vein then drains this blood from the liver and returns it to the vena cava. This allows the liver to process and filter the blood before it is returned to the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Insulin protects vascular tissue by:
- A.
Increasing growth of vascular smooth muscle cells
- B.
Increasing endothelial cell producation of nitric oxide
- C.
Increasing the effect of platelet- derived growth factor
- D.
Increasing the binding of monocytes/macrophages to the vessal walls
Correct Answer
B. Increasing endothelial cell producation of nitric oxideExplanation
Insulin protects vascular tissue by increasing endothelial cell production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that helps to relax and dilate blood vessels, promoting proper blood flow and reducing the risk of vascular damage. By increasing the production of nitric oxide, insulin helps to maintain vascular health and protect against conditions such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The pericardial space is found between the
- A.
The mayocardium and the parietal pericardium
- B.
Endocardium and the visceral perocariu,
- C.
Visceral and parietal pericardia
- D.
Visceral and the epicardial pericardia
Correct Answer
C. Visceral and parietal pericardiaExplanation
The pericardial space is found between the visceral and parietal pericardia. The visceral pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium that covers the heart, while the parietal pericardium is the outer layer that forms the sac around the heart. The pericardial space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the heart to beat and move within the sac without friction.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The QRS complex of the ECG represents:
- A.
Atrial depolorization
- B.
Ventricular depolarization
- C.
Atrial contraction
- D.
Ventricular repolarization
- E.
Atrial repolarization
Correct Answer
B. Ventricular depolarizationExplanation
The QRS complex of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization. This is the electrical activation of the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood out of the heart. It is an important event in the cardiac cycle and is typically the largest and most prominent waveform on the ECG. The QRS complex is preceded by the P wave, which represents atrial depolarization, and followed by the T wave, which represents ventricular repolarization. Atrial repolarization is not visible on the ECG as it occurs at the same time as the QRS complex.Rate this question:
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- 6.
A person who has a heart rate of 100 bpm, a systolic b/P of 200 mm, and a stroke volume of 40 ml would have an average cardiac output of:
- A.
0.5ml
- B.
5L
- C.
4ml
- D.
8000 ml
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
E. None of the above -
- 7.
During atrial systole, the:
- A.
AV valves are open
- B.
Atria are filling
- C.
Ventricles are emptying
- D.
Semilunar valves are open
Correct Answer
A. AV valves are openExplanation
During atrial systole, the AV valves are open. This is because atrial systole refers to the contraction of the atria, which pushes blood into the ventricles. The AV valves, also known as the atrioventricular valves, are located between the atria and ventricles. When the atria contract, the pressure inside them increases, causing the AV valves to open and allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. This is an important step in the cardiac cycle, as it allows for the filling of the ventricles before they contract during ventricular systole.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following does not significantly affect heart rate?
- A.
Temperature
- B.
Age
- C.
Presence of heart murmur
- D.
Na+ and K+ ions
Correct Answer
C. Presence of heart murmurExplanation
The presence of a heart murmur does not significantly affect heart rate because a heart murmur is an abnormal sound caused by turbulent blood flow in the heart. It does not directly impact the heart's ability to contract and pump blood, which is what determines heart rate. Factors such as temperature, age, and the levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions in the body can all have a direct effect on heart rate.Rate this question:
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- 9.
One cardiac cycle:
- A.
Has a duration that changes if the hear rate changes
- B.
Usually requires less than 1 second to complete
- C.
Is equal to stroke volume times heart rate
- D.
Pumps approx 5 l of blood
- E.
Both a and b are correct
Correct Answer
E. Both a and b are correctExplanation
The correct answer is "Both a and b are correct." This is because a cardiac cycle can have a duration that changes if the heart rate changes, and it usually requires less than 1 second to complete. Both statements are true, so the answer is that both options a and b are correct.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Compared with arteries, veins:
- A.
Have a larger diameter
- B.
Are thickly coated
- C.
Recoil quickly after distention
- D.
Both a and b are correcct
Correct Answer
A. Have a larger diameterExplanation
Veins have a larger diameter compared to arteries. This is because veins carry blood back to the heart at a lower pressure, so they do not need to withstand the same amount of force as arteries. Additionally, veins have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries, allowing them to expand and accommodate larger volumes of blood.Rate this question:
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- 11.
When the intraventricular pressure becomes greater than the pressure in the pulmonary arteries, the:
- A.
Semilunar valves will open
- B.
The semilunar valves with close
- C.
AV valves will open
- D.
AV valves will close
Correct Answer
A. Semilunar valves will openExplanation
When the intraventricular pressure becomes greater than the pressure in the pulmonary arteries, the semilunar valves will open. This is because the semilunar valves are designed to open when there is higher pressure in the ventricles compared to the arteries. Opening the semilunar valves allows blood to be pumped out of the ventricles and into the pulmonary arteries.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The two distinct heart sounds, lubb and dubb, are most directly related to
- A.
Pulse pressure in the aorta
- B.
The contraction of the ventricles
- C.
The turbulance from the closing of the valves
- D.
Contraction af the atria
Correct Answer
C. The turbulance from the closing of the valvesExplanation
The two distinct heart sounds, lubb and dubb, are most directly related to the turbulence from the closing of the valves. These sounds occur as a result of the closing of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle. The first sound, lubb, is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) at the beginning of ventricular contraction. The second sound, dubb, is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) at the end of ventricular contraction. The turbulence created by the closing of these valves produces the characteristic heart sounds.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Normal end- diastolic pressure within the left ventricle is in the range of:
- A.
100-140 mm/hg
- B.
15-28 mmhg
- C.
0-8 mmHg
- D.
4-12 mmHg
Correct Answer
D. 4-12 mmHgExplanation
The normal end-diastolic pressure within the left ventricle is in the range of 4-12 mmHg. This means that during diastole, when the ventricle is relaxed and filling with blood, the pressure within the left ventricle should be between 4 and 12 mmHg. This range is considered normal and indicates that the ventricle is able to adequately fill with blood before the next contraction.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The Frank Starling law of the heart, involves the relationship between the:
- A.
Length of the cardiac muscle fiber and the strength of contraction
- B.
Stroke volume and arterial resistance
- C.
Rapidity of nerve conduction and stroke volume
- D.
Systolic rate and cardiac output
Correct Answer
A. Length of the cardiac muscle fiber and the strength of contractionExplanation
The Frank Starling law of the heart states that the strength of contraction of the heart is directly proportional to the length of the cardiac muscle fiber. This means that when the muscle fibers are stretched, they generate a stronger contraction, leading to an increased stroke volume and cardiac output. This relationship is important in regulating the pumping capacity of the heart and ensuring an adequate blood supply to the body.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Blood pressure is measured by the:
- A.
Pressure exerted on the ventricular walls during systole
- B.
Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of any blood vessel
- C.
Pressure exerted on arteries by the blood
- D.
Product of the stroke volume times heart rate
Correct Answer
C. Pressure exerted on arteries by the bloodExplanation
Blood pressure is measured by the pressure exerted on arteries by the blood. This is because blood pressure refers to the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as it is pumped through the circulatory system. By measuring this pressure, healthcare professionals can determine the health and functioning of the cardiovascular system.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The heartbeat is initiated by the:
- A.
Coronary sinus
- B.
Arterioventricular bundle
- C.
Right ventricle
- D.
SA node
- E.
AV node
Correct Answer
D. SA nodeExplanation
The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is responsible for initiating the heartbeat. It is located in the right atrium of the heart and acts as the natural pacemaker. The SA node generates electrical impulses that spread throughout the atria, causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This electrical signal then travels to the AV node, which acts as a relay station, allowing the ventricles to contract and pump blood out of the heart. Therefore, the SA node is the correct answer as it is the initial source of the heartbeat.Rate this question:
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- 17.
If the sypathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart predominates over parasympathetic nervous stimulation, the heart will:
- A.
Increase its rate
- B.
Contract with greater force and at a slower rate
- C.
Decrease its rate and force of contraction
- D.
Contract with less force and at a higher rate
Correct Answer
A. Increase its rateExplanation
When the sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart predominates over parasympathetic nervous stimulation, it leads to an increase in heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system releases neurotransmitters like adrenaline that stimulate the heart to beat faster. This response is commonly known as the "fight or flight" response, where the body prepares for intense physical activity or stress. Therefore, the correct answer is that the heart will increase its rate.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Adrenomedullin (ADM):
- A.
Exhibit powerful vasoconstriction activity
- B.
Is present only in cardiovascular tissue
- C.
Mediates sodium reabsorption
- D.
Exhibits powerful vasodilation activity
Correct Answer
D. Exhibits powerful vasodilation activityExplanation
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone that is known to exhibit powerful vasodilation activity. This means that it causes the blood vessels to relax and widen, resulting in an increase in blood flow and a decrease in blood pressure. ADM is not involved in vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels, and it is not limited to cardiovascular tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is that ADM exhibits powerful vasodilation activity.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which factor might increase resistance to the flow of blood through the blood vessels?
- A.
An increased inner radius or diameter of the blood vessel
- B.
A decreased number of capilllaries
- C.
A decreased blood viscosity
- D.
A decreased number of red blood cells
Correct Answer
B. A decreased number of capilllariesExplanation
A decreased number of capillaries would increase resistance to the flow of blood through the blood vessels. Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels, responsible for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues. When the number of capillaries decreases, the available pathways for blood flow are reduced, leading to increased resistance. This means that blood will have a harder time flowing through the vessels, causing a decrease in overall blood circulation.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Nitric oxide is:
- A.
A potent vasodilator
- B.
A potent vasoconstrictor
- C.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)
- D.
An inhibitor of platelet adherence to the endothelium
- E.
Both a and c are correct
Correct Answer
E. Both a and c are correctExplanation
Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator, meaning it relaxes and widens blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow. It is also known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), indicating that it is produced by the endothelium and contributes to its relaxing effects. Therefore, both options a and c are correct as they describe different aspects of nitric oxide's functions.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following is true?
- A.
Lymphatic walls consist of multiple layers fo flattened endothelial cells
- B.
Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, eventually drains into the thoracic duct
- C.
Lymph contains more proteins than does blood plasma
- D.
The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit
Correct Answer
B. Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, eventually drains into the thoracic ductExplanation
The correct answer is that lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, eventually drains into the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and it collects lymph from the lower body, left side of the head and neck, and the left upper limb. The lymph from the upper right quadrant drains into the right lymphatic duct. So, the statement is true as it correctly identifies the drainage pattern of lymph in the body.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which events are part of the normal cardiac cycle
- A.
The right atrium and right ventricles contract simultanously
- B.
The two atria contract simultaneously while the two ventricles relax
- C.
The two ventricles contract simultanously while the two atria relax
- D.
Both the ventricles and the atria contract simultaneously to increase cardiac output
Correct Answer(s)
B. The two atria contract simultaneously while the two ventricles relax
C. The two ventricles contract simultanously while the two atria relaxExplanation
During the normal cardiac cycle, the two atria contract simultaneously while the two ventricles relax. This is known as atrial systole. After this, the two ventricles contract simultaneously while the two atria relax, which is known as ventricular systole. This sequence of contraction and relaxation allows for efficient blood flow through the heart, as the atria fill with blood while the ventricles relax, and then the ventricles pump the blood out to the rest of the body while the atria relax.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What factors assist the return of venous blood to the heart
- A.
Peripheral pooling
- B.
Venous valves
- C.
Increased intra-abdominal pressure
- D.
Respiratory movements
- E.
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Correct Answer(s)
B. Venous valves
D. Respiratory movements
E. Contraction of skeletal musclesExplanation
The factors that assist the return of venous blood to the heart include venous valves, respiratory movements, and contraction of skeletal muscles. Venous valves prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring that it moves in one direction towards the heart. Respiratory movements, such as inhalation and exhalation, create pressure changes in the thoracic cavity, helping to propel blood towards the heart. Contraction of skeletal muscles, especially in the legs, acts as a pump, squeezing the veins and pushing blood towards the heart. These factors work together to facilitate the return of venous blood to the heart.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The correect sequence as blood travels through the following stuctures is: a) Pulmonary veins b) Pulmonary arteries c) lungs d) right ventricle e) left atrium
- A.
E, a, b, c, d
- B.
D, c, a, e, b
- C.
D, b, c, a, e
Correct Answer
C. D, b, c, a, eExplanation
The correct sequence of blood flow as it travels through the given structures is: right ventricle (d) pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries (b), which carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs (c). In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide and the oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins (a). Finally, the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium (e) before being pumped out to the rest of the body.Rate this question:
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- 25.
The correct sequene of an electrical impulse through the hearts conduction sytstem: a) Arterioventricular bundle b) AV node c) purkinje fibers d) SA node e) Right and left bundle branches
- A.
B, c, d, e, a
- B.
E, c, b, a, d
- C.
D, b, a, e, c
- D.
D, b, c , a , e
Correct Answer
C. D, b, a, e, cExplanation
The correct sequence of an electrical impulse through the heart's conduction system starts with the SA node, which is responsible for initiating the electrical signal. The impulse then travels to the AV node, where it is delayed to allow for proper ventricular filling. From there, the impulse travels through the bundle of His, which branches into the right and left bundle branches. Finally, the impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers, which distribute the electrical signal throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract. Therefore, the correct sequence is d, b, a, e, c.Rate this question:
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