Symptoms & Cause Of Anemia

The etiologic classification of anemia is based on the presence of decreased or defective erythrocytes. This means that anemia can be classified based on whether there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or if there are abnormalities or defects in the red blood cells themselves. The size, color, and shape of the erythrocytes may also be considered in the classification, but the primary factor is the presence of decreased or defective red blood cells.

A cause of macrocytic-normochromic anemia is a deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid. This type of anemia is characterized by larger than normal red blood cells (macrocytic) that have a normal color (normochromic). Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the production of healthy red blood cells. Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to impaired DNA synthesis and maturation of red blood cells, resulting in the characteristic enlarged size.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, leading to a decrease in their number. Jaundice is a common symptom of hemolytic anemia because the breakdown of red blood cells releases a pigment called bilirubin, which accumulates in the body and causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. This occurs because the liver is unable to process the excess bilirubin effectively. Therefore, jaundice is a likely consequence of hemolytic anemia.

Microcytic hypochromic is the correct answer because it refers to a type of anemia characterized by small red blood cells (microcytic) and pale red blood cells (hypochromic). Iron deficiency is a common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia, as iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. In iron deficiency, the red blood cells are smaller and paler than normal due to the lack of iron available for hemoglobin synthesis.

Macrocytic normochromic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by larger than normal red blood cells (macrocytosis) with normal levels of hemoglobin (normochromic). This condition is often caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the production of healthy red blood cells, and its deficiency can lead to the production of larger, immature red blood cells. This type of anemia can also be associated with other conditions such as alcoholism, liver disease, and certain medications.

Anemia refers to a deficiency of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and hgb (hemoglobin). Both of these components are essential for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. A deficiency in either erythrocytes or hgb can result in reduced oxygen delivery, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Therefore, the correct answer is that both options B and D are correct.

Primary (absolute) polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increase in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. This condition is not associated with a decrease in circulating plasma or a physiologic response to hypoxia. It is often seen in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Petechiae and purpura are both symptoms that are consistent with aplastic anemia but not with pernicious anemia. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow does not produce enough new blood cells, leading to a decrease in the number of platelets. Petechiae are small red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin, while purpura refers to larger areas of similar bleeding. These symptoms occur due to the low platelet count in aplastic anemia. In contrast, pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12, leading to the production of abnormally large red blood cells, but it does not typically result in low platelet count or bleeding under the skin.

Folic acid deficiency is a condition characterized by a lack of folic acid, an essential vitamin for the production of red blood cells. Macrocytic normochromic anemia is a type of anemia where the red blood cells are larger than normal (macrocytic) but have a normal color (normochromic). This type of anemia is commonly associated with folic acid deficiency.

Normocytic normochromic is a term used to describe the appearance of red blood cells under a microscope. It means that the cells are of normal size (neither too large nor too small) and have a normal amount of hemoglobin (the pigment that gives blood its red color). This can be seen in conditions such as anemia of chronic disease, early iron deficiency anemia, or in certain types of bone marrow disorders where the production of red blood cells is not significantly affected. Bone marrow depression, on the other hand, refers to a decrease in the production of all blood cells (including red blood cells) due to various causes, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or certain medications.

Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Both of these factors lead to a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen reaching the body's tissues. Since anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, it can ultimately result in hypoxia.

Individuals at risk for iron deficiency anemia include those with minor, chronic blood loss. This is because chronic blood loss can lead to a gradual depletion of iron stores in the body, which can eventually result in anemia. Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. When there is a continuous loss of blood, such as in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding or heavy menstrual bleeding, the body may not be able to replace the lost iron fast enough, leading to iron deficiency anemia.

An individual with chronic gastritis may have difficulty absorbing vitamin B12 from food. This can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B12, which can cause symptoms such as tingling in the fingers. Oral vitamin B12 may not be effective in this case because it may not be absorbed properly in the digestive system. Therefore, the individual would require vitamin B12 by IM (intramuscular) injection, which bypasses the digestive system and ensures direct absorption into the bloodstream.

Microcytic hypochromic anemia is characterized by small red blood cells (microcytic) and low levels of hemoglobin (hypochromic). Decreased heme synthesis can lead to a decrease in the production of hemoglobin, resulting in smaller and paler red blood cells. This type of anemia is commonly caused by iron deficiency or certain genetic disorders.

Tissue hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a decreased supply of oxygen to the body's tissues. In response to this, the body tries to compensate by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. This helps to bring in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, improving oxygenation in the tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is that tissue hypoxia causes the rate and depth of breathing to increase.

Sideroblastic anemia is a condition characterized by a defect in the production of red blood cells, leading to the accumulation of iron in the mitochondria of immature red blood cells. This can result in various symptoms, including hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). These symptoms occur because the liver and spleen are responsible for filtering and processing blood, and when there is an excess of immature red blood cells, these organs can become enlarged. Therefore, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are common symptoms seen in individuals with sideroblastic anemia.

If a reticulocyte count were done on an individual with iron deficiency anemia because of chronic bleeding, it would be high. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released into the bloodstream when the body needs to produce more red blood cells. In iron deficiency anemia, the body tries to compensate for the low levels of red blood cells by increasing the production of reticulocytes. Therefore, a high reticulocyte count indicates an active response by the body to replenish the red blood cell supply.

The patient is a 40-year-old pregnant woman with weakness, loss of appetite, and pallor. The CBC results show macrocytic RBCs, low HCT level, and low HGB level. These findings are consistent with folic acid deficiency anemia. Folic acid is essential for red blood cell production, and a deficiency can lead to macrocytic anemia. This condition is common in pregnant women due to increased folic acid requirements for fetal development. Sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and pernicious anemia would present with different laboratory findings and clinical features.

Normocytic normochromic refers to red blood cells that are of normal size and have a normal amount of hemoglobin. This condition can occur in various situations, such as in posthemorrhagic cases where there has been significant blood loss. In posthemorrhagic cases, the body tries to compensate for the loss of blood by producing red blood cells that are normal in size and hemoglobin content. Therefore, normocytic normochromic is the appropriate matching term for posthemorrhagic.

The given answer "normocytic normochromic" refers to a type of red blood cell morphology, where the size (cytic) and color (chromic) of the cells are within the normal range. This suggests that there is no abnormality in the size or color of the red blood cells, which could indicate a normal blood cell production and function. This is in contrast to the other options, which describe abnormalities in the size and color of the red blood cells, such as macrocytic normochromic (larger cells with normal color), microcytic hypochromic (smaller cells with decreased color), and chronic infection, which is not related to the morphology of the red blood cells.

Normocytic normochromic refers to red blood cells that are of normal size and have a normal amount of hemoglobin. This condition can be seen in various conditions such as chronic kidney disease, acute blood loss, or bone marrow disorders. Hemolysis, on the other hand, refers to the destruction of red blood cells, which can lead to anemia. It is not specifically related to the size or color of the red blood cells. Therefore, the answer "normocytic normochromic" does not directly relate to the term "hemolysis" and may not be the correct match.

Polycythemia vera is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. This excessive production is caused by a specific acquired mutation in the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) gene. This mutation leads to the activation of JAK2, which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells. As a result, individuals with polycythemia vera have an increased number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in their bloodstream, leading to symptoms such as increased blood viscosity, clotting, and an increased risk of thrombosis.

Normocytic normochromic refers to red blood cells that are of normal size and have a normal amount of hemoglobin. This is the typical appearance of red blood cells in a healthy individual. Malignancy refers to the presence of cancerous cells or tumors. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that there is no abnormality in the size or color of the red blood cells, which is not indicative of malignancy.

COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, can cause secondary polycythemia. This is because COPD leads to low oxygen levels in the blood, which triggers the body to produce more red blood cells in order to compensate for the lack of oxygen. This excessive production of red blood cells results in polycythemia.

Chloramphenicol therapy can cause a decrease in red blood cell production, leading to a condition called microcytic hypochromic anemia. In this type of anemia, the red blood cells are smaller in size (microcytic) and have a decreased amount of hemoglobin (hypochromic). This can be caused by the inhibition of bone marrow activity by chloramphenicol, resulting in the production of smaller and less pigmented red blood cells.