Chapter 18/19 Assessment Mcfadden Period 2 2015

Water is not transferred along the food chain as organisms feed on other organisms in the ocean. The transfer of energy and nutrients occurs through the consumption of organic matter, not water. Organisms in the ocean obtain water through their environment, such as through osmosis or by drinking water.

Sewage in the ocean can cause immediate change in the ecosystem because it introduces harmful pollutants and pathogens into the water. These pollutants can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem by contaminating the water, harming marine life, and affecting the food chain. Additionally, sewage can deplete oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of aquatic organisms. Overall, the presence of sewage in the ocean can have detrimental effects on the ecosystem, making the statement "True."

Coral reefs are found on continental shelves because these areas provide the ideal conditions for coral growth. Continental shelves are shallow, relatively warm, and receive ample sunlight, which are all necessary for the symbiotic relationship between corals and algae. The shallow water allows sunlight to penetrate and provide energy for photosynthesis, while the warm water temperature promotes coral growth. Additionally, the sediments and nutrients carried by rivers and currents often accumulate on continental shelves, providing a source of food for the corals.

Chemosynthesis is a process that occurs near hydrothermal vents in the absence of oxygen and sunlight. This is because hydrothermal vents release hot, mineral-rich fluids into the surrounding water, creating a unique environment. In this environment, certain bacteria can use the chemicals in these fluids, such as hydrogen sulfide, to produce energy. Unlike photosynthesis, which requires sunlight, chemosynthesis can occur in complete darkness. Additionally, the absence of oxygen is necessary for chemosynthesis because the bacteria involved in this process are typically anaerobic, meaning they do not require oxygen to survive.

Benthos refers to organisms that live on or near the ocean floor. This includes various marine creatures such as sea stars, crabs, and worms. These organisms are adapted to the benthic environment and play important roles in the ecosystem. Nekton, on the other hand, refers to organisms that can swim against ocean currents, such as fish and whales. Plankton are tiny organisms that drift in the water column, while diatoms are a type of planktonic algae. Therefore, benthos is the correct answer as it specifically describes organisms living on the ocean floor.

Plankton are tiny organisms that float in the water column and are unable to swim against currents. They rely on surface currents to transport them from one location to another. This is important for their survival as it allows them to find food, escape predators, and disperse their offspring. Plankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems as they form the base of the food chain, providing nutrition for larger organisms.

The correct answer is continental shelf. Along North America's Pacific coast, the continental shelf is narrow. The continental shelf is the submerged part of a continent that extends from the shoreline to the continental slope. It is usually relatively shallow and gradually slopes down from the shoreline. In this case, the narrow continental shelf suggests that the coastline quickly drops off into deeper waters, indicating the presence of a steep continental slope or possibly a trench.

The continental slope can be found right next to the continental shelf. The continental slope is a steep slope that extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf down to the ocean floor. It is the transition zone between the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor.

Plants undergo a process called photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide, nutrients in the water, and sunlight into energy. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water, resulting in the production of glucose and oxygen. This glucose serves as a source of energy for the plant, which it uses for various metabolic activities and growth. Therefore, the correct answer is energy.

Preventing ocean pollution requires a comprehensive approach that addresses various aspects. International treaties are necessary to establish guidelines and regulations that can be enforced globally. Reducing land pollution is crucial because it is a significant source of ocean pollution through runoff and waste disposal. Education plays a vital role in raising awareness and promoting responsible behaviors towards the environment. Therefore, all the listed options are essential in effectively preventing ocean pollution.

Placer deposits refer to valuable sediment that is deposited at the mouth of rivers when they enter the ocean. These deposits contain valuable minerals such as gold, diamonds, and precious metals, which have been eroded from upstream sources and carried by the river. Over time, the sediments settle and accumulate in the river delta or along the coastline, forming placer deposits. These deposits are highly sought after for mining purposes due to their economic value.

A point source refers to the exact origin of a pollutant. It is a specific location or facility, such as a factory or power plant, that releases pollutants directly into the environment. This term is commonly used in environmental studies and pollution control to identify and regulate the sources of pollution.

Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms use chemicals such as sulfur and nitrogen to produce food in the absence of carbon dioxide and sunlight. Unlike photosynthesis, which uses sunlight as an energy source, chemosynthesis relies on the energy obtained from chemical reactions. This process is commonly observed in deep-sea ecosystems where sunlight cannot penetrate, and organisms rely on the energy derived from chemicals found in their surroundings to survive and produce food.

These organisms, producers, are organisms that create food through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. They are able to convert sunlight or chemicals into energy-rich molecules that can be used as food by other organisms in the ecosystem. Producers play a crucial role in the food chain by providing the foundation for energy flow and supporting the growth and survival of consumers.

Diatoms are a type of plankton found in the ocean. Plankton refers to any organism that drifts or floats in the water, unable to swim against the current. Diatoms are single-celled algae that are a major component of phytoplankton, which are the primary producers in the ocean food chain. They play a crucial role in the marine ecosystem by providing food for many other organisms.

A food chain is a sequence of organisms where each organism serves as a source of energy for the next organism in the chain. This transfer of energy occurs at each stage of the food chain, allowing one organism to obtain energy by consuming another organism. Therefore, the correct answer is food chain.

Estuaries are less salty than an ocean because they receive water input from rivers. The freshwater from rivers dilutes the saltwater in the estuaries, resulting in a lower salinity compared to the ocean.

Seals would be an example of nekton because nekton refers to aquatic organisms that are able to swim and move independently in the water. Seals are marine mammals that have adapted to life in the water and are capable of swimming and diving. They actively move through the water to hunt for food and navigate their environment, making them a perfect example of nekton.

Plankton is not considered a consumer because it is a primary producer in the food chain. It consists of small organisms, such as algae and bacteria, that are capable of photosynthesis and produce their own food. Consumers, on the other hand, obtain their energy by consuming other organisms. Seals, whales, and fish are all examples of consumers as they feed on other organisms to meet their energy requirements.

Letter A represents the Abyssal Plain. The Abyssal Plain is a flat, sediment-covered area on the ocean floor that lies between the continental rise and the mid-ocean ridge. It is one of the major topographic features of the deep ocean, characterized by its relatively smooth and featureless landscape. The Abyssal Plain is formed by the accumulation of sediments over millions of years and is home to a diverse range of marine life.

Letter B represents the Continental Shelf. The Continental Shelf is the shallow, submerged edge of a continent that extends from the shoreline to the continental slope. It is characterized by relatively gentle slopes and is rich in marine life. The Continental Shelf is an important area for fishing, oil and gas exploration, and is also used for laying submarine cables.

The correct answer is Continental Slope. The continental slope is the steeply sloping section of the continental margin between the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor. It marks the boundary between the relatively shallow continental shelf and the deep ocean basin. The continental slope is characterized by a steep incline and is often cut by submarine canyons.

Letter D represents Ocean Trench. An ocean trench is a long, narrow, and steep depression in the ocean floor. It is formed when one tectonic plate is forced beneath another in a process called subduction. Ocean trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean and can reach depths of over 10,000 meters. They are often associated with subduction zones and are important features in understanding plate tectonics and the formation of mountains and volcanoes.

The letter E represents the Mid-Ocean Ridge. The Mid-Ocean Ridge is a long underwater mountain range that runs through the middle of the ocean. It is formed by tectonic activity and is characterized by volcanic eruptions and the creation of new oceanic crust. The Mid-Ocean Ridge is an important feature in understanding plate tectonics and the movement of Earth's crust.

The figure below is an example of a food chain. A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where each organism is the food source for the next organism in the chain. It represents the flow of energy and nutrients from one organism to another in an ecosystem. In the given figure, there is a clear sequence of organisms, starting from the producer (plants) to the primary consumers (herbivores) and then to the secondary consumers (carnivores). This arrangement represents a food chain.

The killer whales shown in the figure are an example of nekton. Nekton refers to organisms that have the ability to swim and move independently in the water column. They are capable of actively swimming against currents and have control over their movement. Killer whales are large and powerful marine mammals that are highly adapted for swimming and hunting in the open ocean. Therefore, they are considered nektonic organisms. Plankton, on the other hand, are organisms that are unable to swim against currents and drift passively in the water.

If many of the linkages in the figure became interwoven to form a complex system, it would be called a food web. A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem. It represents the complex interactions between different organisms and their roles as producers, consumers, and decomposers in the ecosystem.

Plankton are tiny organisms that drift in water and are unable to swim against currents. They rely on the movement of water to carry them along. Plankton can be divided into two categories: phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic and produce their own food, and zooplankton, which are heterotrophic and feed on other plankton. Due to their dependence on currents, plankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems as a primary food source for many larger organisms.

Desalination is the correct answer because it refers to the process of removing salt and other impurities from ocean water, making it safe for drinking. Sedimentation is the process of allowing suspended particles to settle down, while condensation is the process of converting vapor into liquid. However, neither sedimentation nor condensation specifically address the purification of ocean water.

When a wave approaches shallow water, the wave height increases. This is because the bottom of the wave starts to interact with the ocean floor, causing the wave to slow down and compress. As a result, the energy of the wave is concentrated in a smaller space, leading to an increase in wave height. The wave length may decrease as well, but this is not always the case. Circular motion refers to the movement of water particles in a wave, but it does not necessarily increase when a wave approaches shallow water.

When the Moon, Earth, and Sun are in a line, the gravitational pull from both the Moon and the Sun aligns, leading to the greatest tidal range. This alignment causes the combined gravitational force to pull the water in the same direction, resulting in higher high tides and lower low tides. This phenomenon is known as a spring tide, and it occurs during a full moon or a new moon when the three celestial bodies are in a straight line.

Tides are giant waves produced by the gravity of the moon and sun. The gravitational pull of these celestial bodies causes the water on Earth to rise and fall, creating a rhythmic pattern of high and low tides. Tides are influenced by the position of the moon and sun, and they play a crucial role in the Earth's oceanic and coastal processes. Upwellings and currents are different phenomena related to the movement of water, but they do not specifically refer to the giant waves caused by the moon and sun's gravity.

When the Sun, Earth, and Moon form a 90 degree angle, we have neap tides. Neap tides occur during the first and third quarter moon phases. During this time, the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon partially cancel each other out, resulting in a weaker tidal effect. This causes the high tides to be lower and the low tides to be higher than usual.

The correct answer is "crests". Wavelength refers to the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave. It is a measure of the length of one complete wave cycle.

Surface currents are caused by winds. Winds blowing across the surface of the ocean create friction, which in turn generates movement in the water. The transfer of energy from the wind to the water causes the surface currents to form and flow in the same direction as the wind. The strength and direction of the winds determine the speed and direction of the surface currents. Therefore, winds are the primary driving force behind the formation and movement of surface currents in the ocean.

The lowest point on a wave is called the trough. This is the point where the displacement of the wave is at its minimum, and it is opposite to the crest, which is the highest point on the wave. The trough can be visualized as the bottommost point on a wave when it is graphically represented.

An increase in ocean salinity can increase density, which in turn can create a current. As the salinity of the water increases, the amount of dissolved salts and minerals also increases, making the water denser. This denser water will sink and flow beneath less dense water, creating a current. The difference in density caused by the increase in salinity drives the movement of the water, contributing to the formation of ocean currents.

The correct answer is basins because basins are low areas on Earth's surface that can hold water. As water accumulated in these depressions, it formed the oceans. Troughs, on the other hand, are elongated depressions usually formed by tectonic activity and are not specifically associated with the formation of oceans.

When the wind blows across a body of water, the interaction or force of friction between the water and the air causes the water to move. Friction is the resistance that occurs when two surfaces rub against each other, and in this case, it is the resistance between the moving air particles and the surface of the water that causes the water to be set in motion.

Once the atmosphere cooled enough, water vapor condensed and precipitation began to fall onto the Earth. Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface, including rain, snow, sleet, or hail. In this context, it is the most logical choice as it accurately describes the process of water vapor condensing and falling as rain or other forms of precipitation. Dust and ash are not directly related to the cooling of the atmosphere and the formation of precipitation, making them less likely options.

Oxygen enters the ocean from the atmosphere and from organisms that photosynthesize. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. In the ocean, phytoplankton, which are microscopic plants, carry out photosynthesis and release oxygen into the water. This oxygen is then dissolved in the ocean and used by other marine organisms for respiration.

The salinity of the oceans remains balanced because there is a continuous cycle of substances being added and used by plants and animals. While some substances may be added to the oceans, others are also being utilized, resulting in a relatively stable salinity level.

The Gulf Stream current off the eastern coast of the United States generally flows from the equatorial regions of Earth. This is because the Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that originates in the equatorial region, specifically the Caribbean Sea, and then flows northward along the eastern coast of the United States. The equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight and have higher temperatures, which results in the warm water being carried by the Gulf Stream towards the colder regions.

Gravity is the force that causes the water to go back into the sea after a wave breaks onto the shore. Gravity pulls the water downward, creating a downward slope on the beach. This slope allows the water to flow back into the sea, following the path of least resistance. As the water flows back, it also carries sediment and debris with it, helping to shape the shoreline over time.

A tidal bore is a kind of wave that forms when a rising tide enters a shallow, narrow river from a wide area of the sea. This occurs when the incoming tide is funneled into a narrow channel, causing the water to rise rapidly and create a wave that travels upstream against the current. Tidal bores are often seen in rivers with a large tidal range, and they can be quite powerful and impressive to witness.

The amplitude of a wave refers to half the distance of the height of the wave. It represents the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position in a wave. In other words, it measures the intensity or strength of the wave. The crest and trough, on the other hand, refer to the highest and lowest points of the wave, respectively.

When a wave's amplitude increases, it means that the distance between the crest and trough of the wave becomes larger. This increase in amplitude corresponds to an increase in the energy of the wave. Therefore, as the wave carries more energy, the correct answer is "energy".

The Coriolis effect causes currents north of the equator to move to the right. This is because the Earth's rotation causes a deflection in the path of moving objects, including air and water currents. In the Northern Hemisphere, the deflection is to the right, while in the Southern Hemisphere it is to the left. This is due to the combination of the Earth's rotation and the curvature of the Earth's surface. As a result, currents in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the right, creating a clockwise circulation pattern.

The warm water of the Gulf Stream affects Iceland's climate. The Gulf Stream is a powerful warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of the United States before reaching the North Atlantic. As it moves northwards, the Gulf Stream carries warm water and heat towards Iceland, which helps to moderate its climate. This current influences the temperature and weather patterns in Iceland, making it milder compared to other locations at similar latitudes.

The Gulf Stream is a surface current. This means that it flows near the surface of the ocean, rather than in the deeper parts. Surface currents are driven by wind patterns and the rotation of the Earth, and they play a significant role in redistributing heat around the globe. The Gulf Stream, specifically, is a powerful warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of the United States before crossing the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe. It has a major impact on the climate and weather patterns of the regions it passes through.