Chapter 18 REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM
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Chapter 18 REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM
- 1.
- A.
Rates of chemical change are usually expressed as the amount of energy changing per unit time.
- B.
Rates of chemical change are usually expressed as the amount of non- reactant changing per unit time.
- C.
Rates of chemical change are usually expressed as the amount of reactant changing per unit time.
- 2.Look at Figure 18.3 on page 542. In a typical reaction, as time passes, the amount of____________ decreases and the amount of ____________ increases.
- A.
Reactant, product
- B.
Cataltyst, energy
- C.
Inhibitor, equilibrium
- 3.What does collision theory say about atoms, ions, ormolecules reacting to form products when they collide?
- A.
Collision theory states that the particles must have enough kinetic energy when they collide to form products.
- B.
Collision theory states that the particles must have enough potential energy when they collide to form products.
- C.
Collision theory states that the particles must have enough no kinetic energy when they collide to form products.
- 4.Particles lacking the necessary kinetic energy to react bounce apart ____________ when they collide.
- A.
Reactant
- B.
Changed
- C.
Unchanged
- 5.Look at Figure 18.5 on page 543. Which arrangement of atoms contains the least amount of energy?
- A.
Reactants
- B.
Activated complex
- C.
Products
- 6.Circle the letter of the term that completes the sentence correctly. The minimum amount of energy that particles must have in order to react is called the _______ .
- A.
Kinetic energy
- B.
Activation energy
- C.
Potential energy
- D.
Collision energy
- 7.An activated complex is the arrangement of atoms at the ______________________ of the activation-energy barrier.
- A.
Product
- B.
Reactant
- C.
Peak
- 8.Circle the letter of the term that best describes the lifetime of an activated complex.
- A.
10–15 s
- B.
10 13 s
- C.
10–13 s
- D.
10–1 s
- 9.Why is an activated complex sometimes called the transition state?
- A.
It is called the transition state because an activated complex is unstable and is as likely to re-form reactants as it is to form products.
- B.
It is called the transition state because an activated complex is stable and is as likely to re-form reactants as it is to form products.
- C.
It is called the transition state because an activated complex is unstable and is as likely to re-form reactants as it is to form reactant.
- 10.Changes in the rate of chemical reactions depend on conditions such as
- A.
Reactant, product, and activation
- B.
Temperature, concentration, and particle size
- C.
Collision, intervals, and kenetic energy
- 11.The main effect of increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction is to ______________________ the number of particles that have enough kinetic energy to react when they collide.
- A.
Increase
- B.
Decrease
- C.
Interpret
- 12.What happens when you put more reacting particles into a fixed volume?
- A.
The concentration of reactants increases, the collision frequency increases, and, therefore, the reaction rate decreases.
- B.
The concentration of reactants increases, the collision frequency increases, and, therefore, the reaction rate increases.
- C.
The concentration of reactants decreases, the collision frequency increases, and, therefore, the reaction rate increases.
- 13.The smaller the particle size, the larger the surface area of a given _____________.
- A.
Absorbant of a particle.
- B.
Mass of a particle.
- C.
Release of a particle.
- 14.What are some ways to increase the surface area of solid reactants?
- A.
One way is to dissolve the solid; another way is to grind the solid into a fine powder.
- B.
One way is to leave it as a solid; another way is to make it into a liquid.
- C.
One way is to make into a vapor; another way is to change it into rough powder.
- 15.A ______________________ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being used up itself during the reaction.
- A.
Product
- B.
Reactant
- C.
Catalyst
- 16.What does a catalyst do?
- A.
A catalyst permits reactions to proceed at a lower energy than is normally required. A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
- B.
A catalyst permits reactions to proceed at a higher energy than is normally required. A catalyst lowers the activation energy.
- C.
A catalyst permits reactions to proceed at a lower energy than is normally required. A catalyst raises the activation energy.
- 17.
- A.
The catalyst is often written above the stop arrow in the equation.
- B.
The catalyst is often written below the yield arrow in the equation.
- C.
The catalyst is often written above the yield arrow in the equation.
- 18.A(n) ______________________ is a substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst.
- A.
Particle size
- B.
Reactant
- C.
Inhibitor
- 19.What happens in reversible reactions?
- A.
In reversible reactions, two opposite products occur simultaneously.
- B.
In reversible reactions, two opposite reactions occur simultaneously.
- C.
In reversible reactions, two of the same reactions occur simultaneously.
- 20.Chemical equilibrium is a stateof balance in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions __________; no net change in the amount of reactants and products occurs in the chemical system.
- A.
Not equal
- B.
Are equal
- C.
The same at some points
- 21.The equilibrium position of a reaction is given by the relative_______________ of the system’s components at equilibrium.
- A.
Pressure
- B.
Concentration
- C.
Temperature
- 22.At equilibrium, how many types of molecules are present in
- A.
3
- B.
6
- C.
9
- 23.What is Le Châtelier’s principle?
- A.
Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a stress is applied to a system in dynamic no equilibrium, the system changes to relieve the stress.
- B.
Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes to relieve the stress.
- C.
Le Châtelier’s principle states that if a stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system stays the same to relieve the stress.
- 24.Stresses that upset the equilibrium of a chemical system include changes in _______
- A.
Kentic, potinial, and reactants
- B.
Reactant, products, and balance
- C.
Concentration, pressure, and temperature.
- 25.When you add a product to a reversible chemical reaction, the reaction is always pushed in the direction of ______________________ .
- A.
Products
- B.
Reactants
- C.
Equilbrium
- 26.When you remove a product, the reaction is pulled in the direction of ______________________ .
- A.
Products
- B.
Reactanrs
- C.
Equilbrium
- 27.______________ the temperature of achemical reaction causes the equilibrium position of a reaction to shift in the direction that absorbs heat.
- A.
Stabilizing
- B.
Increasing
- C.
Decreasing
- 28.How does increasing pressure affect a chemical system?
- A.
An increase in pressure results in a shift in the equilibrium position that favors the formation of a smaller volume of gas.
- B.
An increase in pressure results in a shift in the equilibrium position that favors the formation of a larger volume of gas.
- C.
An increase in pressure results in a shift in the equilibrium position that favors the formation of a double the volume of gas.
- 29.The equilibrium constant (Keq) is the ratio of ____________________ concentrations to ____________________ concentrations at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to a power equal to the number of ____________________ of that substance in the balanced chemical equation.
- A.
Heat, product, reactant
- B.
Reactant, product,heat
- C.
Product, reactant, moles
- 30.What are the exponents in the equilibrium-constant expression?
- A.
The exponents are the coefficients from the balanced math equation.
- B.
The exponents are the coefficients from the unbalanced chemical equation.
- C.
The exponents are the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation.
- 31.What do the square brackets indicate in the equilibrium-constant expression?
- A.
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of substances in pounds per liter (mol/L).
- B.
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of substances in moles per liter (mol/L).
- C.
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of substances insuare moles per liter. (mol/L).
- 32.The value of Keq for a reaction depend on the__________________.
- A.
Mass
- B.
Temperature
- C.
Size
- 33.A value of Keq greater than 1 means that ______________________ are favored over ______________________ .
- A.
Reactant, mass
- B.
Products, reactants
- C.
Mass, product
- 34.A value of Keq less than 1 means that ______________________ are favored over ______________________ .
- A.
Reactant, product
- B.
Products, reactants
- C.
Reactant, mass
- 35.Free energy is energy that is available to do ______________________ .
- A.
Games
- B.
Rest
- C.
Work
- 36.________processes can be made 100% efficient.
- A.
No
- B.
All
- C.
A special
- 37.Spontaneous reactions are reactions that occur naturally and that favor the formation of ______________________ at the specified conditions.
- A.
Bases
- B.
Acids
- C.
Products
- 38.Some reactions that are nonspontaneous at one set of conditions may be spontaneous at other conditions.
- A.
Acids
- B.
Reactions
- C.
Products
- 39.Some factor other than ______________________ change must help determine whether a physical or chemical process is spontaneous.
- A.
Moisture
- B.
Cold
- C.
Heat
- 40.What is entropy?
- A.
Entropy is the measure of ability of a system.
- B.
Entropy is the measure of order of a system.
- C.
Entropy is the measure of disorder of a system.
- 41.The law of disorder states that processes move in the direction of ______________________ disorder or randomness.
- A.
Median
- B.
Minumum
- C.
Maximum
- 42.Does entropy tend to increase or decrease in chemical reactions in which the total number of product molecules is greater than the total number of reactant molecules? ______________________
- A.
Entropy decreases
- B.
Entropy increases
- C.
Entropy stays the same
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