Chapter 10 Online Study Guide

2.

The term for when mantle rock flows slowly upward in a column, as if it were flowing up an umbrella through the handle and then spreading out in all directions

Mantle plumes
Chimney effect
Magma conduit
Volcanic upwelling

Correct Answer

A. Mantle plumes

Explanation

Mantle plumes refer to the phenomenon where mantle rock flows slowly upward in a column, similar to how it would flow up an umbrella through the handle and then spread out in all directions. This process is responsible for volcanic activity and the formation of hotspots on the Earth's surface. As the mantle rock rises, it can cause the formation of magma conduits, which are channels through which magma can flow to the surface, resulting in volcanic upwellings. The term "chimney effect" is not an accurate description of this specific process.

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3.

Which of the following types of faults is exhibited by the San Andreas Fault?

Convergent
Transform
Divergent
Directional

Correct Answer

A. Transform

Explanation

The San Andreas Fault exhibits a transform fault. Transform faults occur when two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally. The San Andreas Fault is a prominent example of this type of fault, as it marks the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The movement along this fault has caused numerous earthquakes in California.

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4.

Which type of fault creates mountain ranges and deep trenches.

Convergent
Transofrm
Divergent
Directional

Correct Answer

A. Convergent

Explanation

Convergent faults occur when two tectonic plates collide and are forced together. This collision can result in the formation of mountain ranges and deep trenches. The force and pressure from the converging plates cause the Earth's crust to fold and buckle, creating uplifted areas that eventually form mountains. Additionally, the collision can also cause one plate to be forced beneath the other, forming deep ocean trenches. Therefore, the correct answer is convergent.

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5.

Which of the following is the most important agent of mechanical weathering

Erosion
Frost wedging
Deltas
Estuaries

Correct Answer

A. Frost wedging

Explanation

Frost wedging is the most important agent of mechanical weathering because it occurs when water seeps into cracks in rocks, freezes, and expands, causing the rocks to break apart. This process is particularly effective in cold climates with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. As the water freezes and expands, it exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing it to fracture and break. Over time, this repeated freeze-thaw action can lead to the disintegration of rocks into smaller pieces. Therefore, frost wedging is a significant contributor to the breakdown and erosion of rocks, making it the most important agent of mechanical weathering.

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6.

Which of the following refers to an element that occurs naturally and is solid?

Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
Mineral

Correct Answer

A. Mineral

Explanation

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid substance. It is formed through geological processes and has a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals can be found in rocks, but they can also occur on their own. Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks are composed of minerals, but they are not minerals themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is mineral.

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7.

Which of the folloowing rock types is sedimentary?

Anthracite
Slate
Granite
Limestone

Correct Answer

A. Limestone

Explanation

Limestone is a sedimentary rock because it is formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments such as shells, coral, and other organic materials. Sedimentary rocks are formed through the process of weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification. Granite, anthracite, and slate are not sedimentary rocks. Granite is an igneous rock formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma. Anthracite is a metamorphic rock formed from the transformation of bituminous coal under high heat and pressure. Slate is also a metamorphic rock formed from the alteration of shale or mudstone. Therefore, the correct answer is limestone.

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8.

Which of the following is an igneous rock

Anthracite
Slate
Granite
Limestone

Correct Answer

A. Granite

Explanation

Granite is an igneous rock because it is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten materials, such as magma or lava. It is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. Granite is typically coarse-grained and has a granular texture. It is commonly found in continental crust and is often used in construction and as a decorative stone.

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9.

What year did Mount St. Helens erupt?

1965
1977
1980
1986

Correct Answer

A. 1980

Explanation

In 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted. This volcanic eruption was one of the most significant and destructive in the history of the United States. It resulted in the loss of many lives and caused extensive damage to the surrounding area. The eruption also led to the formation of a large crater at the summit of the volcano. The event had a lasting impact on the region's landscape and ecosystems.

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10.

Which horizon is considered subsoil?

A
B
C
D

Correct Answer

A. B

Explanation

Subsoil is the layer of soil beneath the topsoil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients. It is typically denser and contains less organic material than the topsoil. In this question, option B is considered subsoil because it is the layer beneath the topsoil. Options A, C, and D are not subsoil as they do not represent the layer beneath the topsoil.

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11.

Which of the following is the best type of soil for growing most crops?

Sandy
Silty
Clay
Loam

Correct Answer

A. Loam

Explanation

Loam is considered the best type of soil for growing most crops because it has a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay. This composition allows for good drainage while retaining enough moisture and nutrients for plant growth. Loam also has a good structure, allowing roots to penetrate easily and access water and nutrients. Overall, loam provides an ideal environment for plant roots to grow, resulting in healthy and productive crops.

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12.

Chapter 10 Online Study Guide

Which of the following zones of the earth is very hot and made mostly of iron.

Quiz Preview

The term for when mantle rock flows slowly upward in a column, as if it were flowing up an umbrella through the handle and then spreading out in all directions

Which of the following types of faults is exhibited by the San Andreas Fault?

Which type of fault creates mountain ranges and deep trenches.

Which of the following is the most important agent of mechanical weathering

Which of the following refers to an element that occurs naturally and is solid?

Which of the folloowing rock types is sedimentary?

Which of the following is an igneous rock

What year did Mount St. Helens erupt?

Which horizon is considered subsoil?

Which of the following is the best type of soil for growing most crops?

Read the Case Study on page 227 and then answer the critical thinking. This should be at least 3 sentences long.