Ch 6 - Anatomy & Physiology (Milady)

Cells are the basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to animals and plants. They are the smallest structural and functional units of an organism, capable of carrying out all the necessary processes for life. Cells can vary in size, shape, and function, but they all share common characteristics such as a cell membrane, genetic material, and the ability to reproduce. Without cells, living organisms would not be able to perform essential functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

The correct answer is "Joint". A joint is the point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement and providing stability to the skeleton. It is a crucial component of the skeletal system as it enables various types of movement, such as bending, twisting, and rotating. Joints can be classified into different types based on their structure and function, including hinge joints, ball-and-socket joints, and pivot joints.

Cells are the basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to animals and plants. They are the smallest structural and functional unit of life. Cells carry out all the necessary functions to sustain life, such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. They are responsible for the organization and functioning of all living organisms. Without cells, life as we know it would not exist.

Cytoplasm is the correct answer because it is the watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus and is essential for the growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the nucleus. It contains various organelles and molecules that are necessary for cellular processes to occur. Adipose refers to fatty tissue, Scapula is a bone in the shoulder, and Mitosis is a type of cell division.

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process in which cells reproduce and divide into two identical cells. During mitosis, the cell's DNA is replicated and then divided equally between the two resulting cells. This process is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Catabolism, metabolism, and anabolism are all related to cellular processes, but they do not specifically refer to the reproduction and division of cells.

The occipital bone is the correct answer because it forms the back of the skull above the nape. It is located at the base of the skull and helps protect the brain. The occipital bone also contains a large opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the spinal cord to pass through.

Protoplasm is the correct answer because it refers to the colorless, jelly-like substance found inside cells. It is a combination of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, which are the two main components of the cell. Protoplasm contains various organelles and is responsible for carrying out essential cellular functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

Adipose tissue is the correct answer because it is the technical term for fat. Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat. It is found throughout the body and serves as a cushioning and insulating material.

The frontal bone is the correct answer because it forms the forehead. It is a single bone that makes up the front part of the skull, extending from the forehead to the top of the eye sockets. The frontal bone also helps protect the brain and supports the structure of the face.

The skeletal system is the correct answer because it is the system that forms the physical foundation of the body. It includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, which provide support, protection, and structure to the body. The skeletal system also plays a crucial role in movement, as it serves as attachment points for muscles and allows for mobility. Additionally, the skeletal system is involved in the production of blood cells and the storage of minerals such as calcium.

The muscular system covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place. Muscles attach to the bones and provide support and stability to the skeletal system. They also help in movement and maintaining posture. Therefore, the muscular system is responsible for covering, shaping, and holding the skeletal system in place.

Anatomy is the study of human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye. It involves examining and understanding the various organs, tissues, and systems of the body, their structures, and how they function together. Physiology, on the other hand, focuses on the study of how these structures function and interact with each other. Physics is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them. Astrology, on the other hand, is a belief system that claims to predict human behavior and events based on the positions and movements of celestial bodies.

Physiology is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures. It focuses on how different organs and systems work together to maintain homeostasis and carry out various bodily functions. This includes studying processes such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Anatomy, on the other hand, is the study of the structure and organization of the body's parts. While anatomy and physiology are closely related, physiology specifically examines the functions and activities of these structures. Physics is the study of matter and energy, and histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

The approximate amount of pints of blood in the human body is 8 to 10.

The spinal cord is the portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain and extends down the lower trunk. It is responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column and plays a crucial role in coordinating reflexes and voluntary movements.

The correct answer is "Nucleus." The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material, in the form of DNA, and is responsible for controlling the cell's activities. The dense, active protoplasm mentioned in the question is commonly found within the nucleus, where processes such as DNA replication and transcription take place. The other options, membrane, mitosis, and cytoplasm, do not accurately describe the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell.

The orbicularis oculi is the ring muscle of the eye socket that controls the ability to close one's eyes. It is responsible for blinking and also helps in protecting the eyes from external irritants. This muscle surrounds the eyelids and is essential for normal eye function and expression. The other options listed, corrugator, occipitalis, and buccinator, are not directly involved in the closing of the eyes.

The nasal bones form the bridge of the nose. They are two small, oblong bones that are located at the upper part of the nasal cavity. These bones are responsible for providing structure and support to the nose, as well as helping to protect the delicate nasal passages. The nasal bones also contribute to the overall appearance of the face, as they are visible externally.

The external jugular vein is located in the neck. It is a superficial vein that can be seen and felt on the side of the neck. It runs diagonally across the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which is a large muscle in the neck. The external jugular vein is responsible for draining blood from the head, face, and neck, and it plays a crucial role in the circulatory system.

A reflex is an automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that produces movement. When a certain stimulus is detected by sensory receptors, the information is quickly processed by the nervous system and a motor response is generated without conscious thought. This allows for rapid and involuntary reactions to potentially harmful or dangerous situations.

The clavicle is commonly referred to as the collarbone. It is a long bone that connects the shoulder blade to the breastbone, forming part of the shoulder girdle. It is easily palpable and serves as a key landmark for anatomical reference. The clavicle's shape and position make it resemble a collar, hence the name collarbone.

The humerus is the largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder. It is a long bone that connects the shoulder girdle to the forearm. The radius and ulna are bones of the forearm, while the clavicle is a bone of the shoulder girdle. Therefore, the humerus is the correct answer as it matches the description given in the question.

The cell membrane is the correct answer because it is the outermost boundary of a cell that encloses the protoplasm and allows the passage of soluble substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of molecules and ions. The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that control the transport of substances, maintaining the cell's internal environment and facilitating communication with the external environment.

The foot is made up of 26 bones. These bones include the tarsal bones (7), metatarsal bones (5), and phalanges (14). The tarsal bones are located in the ankle and back of the foot, the metatarsal bones are in the middle of the foot, and the phalanges are in the toes. Together, these bones provide support, stability, and flexibility to the foot, allowing for walking, running, and other movements.

Bone is the correct answer because it is composed of a dense matrix of minerals, primarily calcium and phosphate, which gives it its hardness. This mineralized structure allows bones to provide support, protect organs, and facilitate movement. While teeth are also hard, they are not considered a tissue but rather a specialized structure made of enamel, dentin, and cementum. Marrow is a soft tissue found inside bones, and the brain is a soft organ protected by the skull.

The sternum is the correct answer because it is a flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs. It is located in the center of the chest and connects to the ribs through cartilage. The scapula is a shoulder blade bone, the clavicle is a collarbone bone, and the ulna is a forearm bone. None of these bones form the ventral support of the ribs.

The sensory nerve endings located close to the surface of the skin are referred to as receptors. These receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain to the brain. They play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and respond to stimuli from the external environment.

The ulna is the inner and larger bone of the forearm located on the side of the little finger. It runs parallel to the radius and forms a joint with the humerus at the elbow. The ulna is responsible for forearm rotation and provides support and stability to the forearm and hand. The sternum is a bone in the chest, the carpus refers to the wrist bones, and the radius is the other bone in the forearm located on the side of the thumb.

The mandible, or the lower jaw bone, is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It forms the lower part of the skull and plays a crucial role in supporting the teeth, allowing for chewing and speaking. The mandible also connects to the temporal bones on either side of the skull, forming the temporomandibular joint, which allows for movement of the jaw.

The muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head is the sternocleidomastoideus. This muscle is located on the side of the neck and is responsible for various movements of the head, including flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion. It originates from the sternum and clavicle and inserts into the mastoid process of the temporal bone. When contracted, the sternocleidomastoideus can tilt the head to the same side, rotate it to the opposite side, or flex the neck.

The wrist is also known as the carpus. The carpus is the collective term for the eight small bones that make up the wrist joint. These bones connect the hand to the forearm and allow for movement and flexibility in the wrist. The term "carpus" is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to this specific part of the body.

In massage, pressure on a muscle is directed from the insertion to the origin. This means that the therapist applies pressure starting from the point where the muscle attaches to a movable bone (insertion) and moves towards the point where the muscle attaches to a more fixed bone (origin). This technique helps to release tension and promote relaxation in the muscle.

The cell membrane is the outermost boundary of a cell that encloses the protoplasm. It is a selectively permeable membrane that allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while preventing others from doing so. Therefore, it permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

Mitosis is the process of cell division, during which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process does not require an adequate supply of waste products for it to occur. Waste products are byproducts of cellular metabolism that need to be eliminated from the cell. However, for mitosis to occur, the cell primarily requires a sufficient supply of nutrients such as oxygen, water, and food, which are essential for the cell's growth and division. Therefore, waste products are not necessary for mitosis to take place.

The extensor muscles involved with the bending of the wrist are called flexors. These muscles are responsible for flexing or bending the wrist joint, allowing for movements such as wrist curls or bending the hand towards the forearm. The biceps are muscles located in the upper arm and are responsible for flexing the elbow joint, not the wrist. Abductors are muscles that move a body part away from the midline of the body, and the deltoids are muscles located in the shoulder region, not the wrist.

Oil glands of the skin are not considered endocrine glands because they do not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands, such as the pineal gland, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland, release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. However, oil glands of the skin, also known as sebaceous glands, secrete sebum, which is an oily substance that helps lubricate and protect the skin. While sebum plays a role in maintaining healthy skin, it does not function as a hormone and therefore does not qualify as an endocrine gland.

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue. It serves as a support structure for the tongue and its muscles, allowing for proper movement and function. The thorax is the chest region, the mandible is the jawbone, and the sphenoid bone is a bone located in the skull. None of these options are correct because they do not specifically refer to the bone that supports the tongue and its muscles.

Reproductive hormones can affect various aspects of the body, including the skin and hair. Acne can be influenced by hormonal changes, as increased levels of androgens can stimulate the production of sebum, leading to clogged pores and acne formation. Darker skin pigmentations can also be influenced by hormonal changes, as melanin production can be affected. Similarly, the loss of scalp hair can be caused by hormonal imbalances, such as increased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in conditions like androgenetic alopecia. However, changes in hair texture are not typically associated with reproductive hormones.

The patella is the correct answer because it is the bone that forms the kneecap joint. The patella is a small, triangular bone located in front of the knee joint. It acts as a protective covering for the knee joint and helps to increase the leverage of the thigh muscles. The tibia, femur, and fibula are all bones in the leg, but they do not specifically form the kneecap joint.

The mandibular nerve affects the muscles of the chin, lower lip, and external ear. This nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for sensory and motor functions in the face. The mandibular nerve innervates the muscles involved in chewing and biting, as well as providing sensation to the lower jaw and parts of the ear.

The central nervous system controls all voluntary muscle actions. It consists of the brain and spinal cord, which receive and process information from the body and send out signals to initiate voluntary movements. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and digestion. The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Precipitate is unrelated to the nervous system and refers to a substance that falls from a solution.

The muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line are called extensors. These muscles are responsible for extending or straightening the joints in the wrist, hand, and fingers, allowing them to move in the opposite direction of flexion.

The blood found in veins is dark red because it has already delivered oxygen to the body's tissues and organs and is now carrying carbon dioxide back to the heart and lungs to be exhaled. This deoxygenated blood appears darker in color compared to oxygenated blood, which is bright red.

Neurology is the correct answer because it is the branch of medicine that focuses on the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system. It involves studying the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles, and it encompasses various subfields such as neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropathology. Neurologists diagnose and treat conditions such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. They use various techniques like imaging studies, neurological examinations, and electrophysiological tests to understand and manage disorders of the nervous system.

The frontalis muscle is responsible for drawing the scalp forward. It is located in the forehead region and is responsible for raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead. The other options, epicranial aponeurosis, platysma, and occipitalis, are not directly involved in drawing the scalp forward.

The skull is divided into two parts: The Cranium, which protects the brain, and the Facial skeleton. The facial skeleton consists of the bones that make up the face, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, and zygomatic bones. These bones provide support and structure to the face, as well as housing important sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

The femur is not one of the three bones that compose the ankle joint. The ankle joint is formed by the tibia, fibula, and talus bones. The tibia is the larger of the two lower leg bones and forms the inner part of the ankle joint. The fibula is the smaller bone and forms the outer part of the ankle joint. The talus bone is located between the tibia and fibula and connects the foot to the leg. The femur, on the other hand, is the thigh bone and is not directly involved in the ankle joint.

Muscle tissue is the correct answer because it is responsible for contracting and moving various parts of the body. This type of tissue is made up of specialized cells called muscle fibers that have the ability to contract when stimulated by nerve impulses. Muscle tissue is found throughout the body and is responsible for movements such as walking, talking, and even the beating of the heart.

The correct answer is pulmonary because the pulmonary circulation is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it gets oxygenated. This oxygenation process occurs in the pulmonary capillaries, allowing the blood to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body through the systemic circulation.

The correct answer is Epicranius. The Epicranius is a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. It consists of two parts: the frontalis muscle and the occipitalis muscle. The frontalis muscle is located at the front of the skull and is responsible for raising the eyebrows and wrinkling the forehead. The occipitalis muscle is located at the back of the skull and is responsible for retracting the scalp. Together, these muscles form the Epicranius, which covers the top of the skull.