Informative Quiz On CCNP

Configuration BPDUs are originated only by the Root Bridge switch. BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are used by the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to exchange information between switches in order to determine the topology of the network and prevent loops. The Root Bridge switch is responsible for initiating the exchange of BPDUs and sending them to all other switches in the STP domain. The other switches in the network receive and process these BPDUs to determine their own roles and paths to the Root Bridge. Therefore, only the Root Bridge switch originates the Configuration BPDUs.

To keep the STP topology stable, it is important to protect the placement of the Root Bridge. The Root Bridge is the central point in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) network and determines the path for data transmission. By protecting the placement of the Root Bridge, it ensures that the network topology remains consistent and prevents any potential disruptions or loops in the network. This helps to maintain a stable and reliable network infrastructure.

By default, all active VLANs are allowed on a trunk link. Trunk links are used to carry traffic from multiple VLANs, so by allowing all active VLANs on the trunk link, it ensures that all VLANs can communicate with each other. This allows for efficient communication and flexibility in network design.

A new server with a higher configuration revision number might present a VTP problem because when a new server with a higher revision number is added to a VTP domain, it will overwrite the existing VTP configuration on all switches in the domain, causing them to lose their VLAN configuration. This can lead to network connectivity issues and disruption in communication.

Root Bridge placement is the single most important design decision to be made in a network running STP. The Root Bridge is the central point in the network and determines the path for all traffic. By strategically placing the Root Bridge, network administrators can optimize the network's performance and ensure efficient traffic flow. The Root Bridge should be located in a position that minimizes the distance and hops to other switches, reducing latency and improving network stability.

The correct command to enable STP loop guard on a switch port is "spanning-tree guard loop". This command enables the loop guard feature, which helps to prevent loops in the network by placing a port into the loop-inconsistent state if it stops receiving BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units). By enabling loop guard on a switch port, it ensures that the port does not participate in the spanning tree until it starts receiving BPDUs again, thus preventing potential network loops.

The first thing to do when a switch port is in the errdisable state is to determine the cause of the problem. This involves investigating the error message or logs to identify the specific issue that caused the port to be disabled. Once the cause is determined, appropriate actions can be taken to resolve the problem and bring the port back to an operational state. Simply reloading the switch, using the clear errdisable port command, or using the shut and no shut interface-configuration commands may not address the underlying cause of the errdisable state.

UDLD stands for Unidirectional Link Detection. It is a feature that actively tests for the loss of the receive side of a link between switches. It detects if a link is unidirectional, meaning that data can be transmitted in one direction but not received in the other direction. UDLD sends periodic messages between switches to verify that the receive side of the link is functioning properly. If the receive side is not functioning, UDLD can take actions such as disabling the affected port to prevent network issues.

A broadcast domain exists on a single VLAN in a switched network. A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical grouping of devices that are connected to the same network and can communicate with each other as if they were on the same physical network. In a switched network, each VLAN is isolated from others, creating separate broadcast domains. This means that broadcast traffic, such as ARP requests or DHCP requests, is only forwarded within the same VLAN and does not cross over to other VLANs. Therefore, a broadcast domain exists within a single VLAN in a switched network.

Access list contents can be merged into a TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory) table. TCAM tables are used in networking devices for fast and efficient packet forwarding. They allow for matching of packet headers against predefined rules or access lists. By merging access list contents into a TCAM table, the network device can quickly and accurately determine how to handle incoming packets based on the defined access control rules. This helps in improving network performance and security.

The IP precedence is not a valid method for EtherChannel load balancing. EtherChannel load balancing typically uses source MAC address, source and destination MAC addresses, source IP address, and UDP/TCP port to distribute traffic across multiple links in an EtherChannel. IP precedence, on the other hand, is a field in the IP header that is used for quality of service (QoS) purposes, such as prioritizing certain types of traffic over others. It is not directly related to load balancing.

In order to ensure redundancy and avoid a single point of failure, it is recommended to have at least two distribution switches built into each switch block. This allows for load balancing and provides backup in case one switch fails. Having only one distribution switch would increase the risk of network downtime and potential disruptions. Having four or eight distribution switches would be excessive and unnecessary for most network setups, as it would result in increased complexity and cost without significant benefits.

After forwarding decisions are made in a switch, frames are placed in the egress queues. Egress queues are responsible for temporarily storing frames before they are transmitted out of the switch. Once the forwarding decisions are made, the switch determines the appropriate egress port for each frame and places them in the corresponding egress queue. From there, the frames are transmitted out of the switch in the order they were placed in the egress queues.

If the far end of a connection doesn't support autonegotiation, the link duplex mode cannot be determined. Autonegotiation is a feature that allows devices on both ends of a connection to negotiate and agree upon the link speed, duplex mode, and other parameters. However, if one end doesn't support autonegotiation, the duplex mode cannot be negotiated, and it will need to be manually configured on both ends to ensure compatibility and proper communication.

Multilayer switches using CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) are based on topology-based switching. This technique involves building a forwarding table based on the network topology, which allows the switch to make forwarding decisions based on the physical connections between devices. By using this approach, the switch can quickly forward packets without the need for additional processing or lookups, resulting in improved performance and efficiency.

DTP (Dynamic Trunking Protocol) is the correct answer because it is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows switches to dynamically negotiate trunking parameters, such as whether to form a trunk or not, the trunking encapsulation type, and the allowed VLANs. PAgP (Port Aggregation Protocol) is used for the creation of EtherChannels, STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is used for loop prevention, and CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is used for network device discovery. However, none of these protocols are specifically designed for dynamic negotiation of trunking parameters.

A Catalyst switch can participate in only one VTP management domain. VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) allows for the synchronization of VLAN information across multiple switches. Each VTP management domain is a separate administrative entity that can have its own VLAN configurations. A switch can only be a member of one management domain at a time, meaning it can only synchronize VLAN information with switches within that specific domain. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.

The given statement is not true because in a network where all switches are left at their default STP values, the Root Bridge will be the switch with the lowest MAC address, not the highest. The Root Bridge is the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID, which is determined by combining the Bridge Priority and the MAC address. Therefore, the switch with the lowest MAC address will have the lowest Bridge ID and become the Root Bridge.

The correct answer is "Limited only by the number of ports on the distribution-layer switch." This means that the maximum number of access-layer switches that can connect to a single distribution-layer switch is determined by the number of available ports on the distribution-layer switch. As long as there are enough ports on the distribution-layer switch, there is no specific limit to the number of access-layer switches that can be connected.

The correct answer is "switch mode trunk nonegotiate". This command configures a switch port to form a trunk without using negotiation. By using the "nonegotiate" keyword, the switch port will be forced to become a trunk without sending or receiving Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) negotiation frames. This means that the trunking will be enabled immediately without any negotiation process.

For successful VTP communication in a domain with a VTP server configured for version 2, all other switches in the domain must also be version 2 capable. This means that they should have the ability to understand and process VTP version 2 messages. If any switch in the domain is not version 2 capable, it will not be able to communicate effectively with the VTP server and may cause inconsistencies in the VTP domain.

The correct answer is "spanning-tree guard root". This command is used to enable STP root guard on a switch port. STP root guard is a feature that protects the network from potential issues caused by unauthorized switches attempting to become the root bridge. By enabling root guard, the switch will not allow any other switch with a lower priority to become the root bridge. This helps to ensure the stability and integrity of the network.

Listening is not a port state in RSTP. In RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), there are three port states: Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding. Listening is not one of the defined port states in RSTP.

An EtherChannel is a technology used to combine multiple physical links into a single logical link, providing increased bandwidth and redundancy. In this case, the valid combination of ports for an EtherChannel is two access links, where both links are configured with the same VLAN, in this case, VLAN 5. This allows traffic from VLAN 5 to be load balanced across the two links, improving performance and providing redundancy in case one link fails.

Traditional 10-Mbps Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet operate at Layer 1 of the OSI model. Layer 1, also known as the physical layer, is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network medium. It deals with the electrical, mechanical, and functional aspects of the physical connection between devices. In the case of Ethernet, the different speeds (10-Mbps, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet) refer to the different physical transmission rates at which data is sent over the network.

To maintain a loop-free STP topology, a switch uplink should be protected against a sudden loss of BPDUs. BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are used by switches to exchange information and maintain the spanning tree topology. If a switch suddenly loses BPDUs, it will not be able to communicate with other switches and may not be aware of changes in the network, which could lead to loops and network instability. Therefore, protecting against a sudden loss of BPDUs is crucial to maintain a loop-free STP topology.

RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) is based on the 802.1w standard. This standard was developed to improve the convergence time of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and provide faster network recovery in case of link failures. RSTP introduces new features such as Port Roles and Port States, which allow for quicker detection and transition of ports to forwarding state. Therefore, 802.1w is the correct standard on which RSTP is based.

A collision domain exists on a single switch port in a switched network. In a switched network, each switch port operates as an individual collision domain. This means that when data is transmitted on a switch port, it does not collide with data transmitted on other switch ports. Switches use MAC address tables to forward data only to the intended destination port, effectively isolating each port and creating separate collision domains. This allows for efficient and simultaneous communication between devices connected to different switch ports.

The most important aspects to consider when designing the core layer in a large network include switches that can efficiently forward traffic, even when every uplink is at 100% capacity, and high port density of high-speed ports. These aspects are crucial in ensuring that the core layer can handle the high volume of traffic and provide fast and reliable connectivity. Low cost and a low number of Layer 3 routing peers are not mentioned as important aspects for designing the core layer in this context.

Devices in the distribution layer typically operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model. Layer 3, also known as the network layer, is responsible for routing packets across different networks. The distribution layer connects different LANs or VLANs and performs functions like routing, filtering, and policy-based traffic control. It ensures that packets are delivered to the correct destination network by examining IP addresses and making routing decisions. Therefore, devices in the distribution layer primarily operate at Layer 3 to facilitate inter-network communication.

A poorly placed Root Bridge in a network can result in the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) topology taking unexpected paths. The Root Bridge is a crucial component in STP, as it determines the primary path for data transmission. If the Root Bridge is poorly placed, it may lead to inefficient or suboptimal paths being chosen for data transmission, potentially causing delays or congestion in the network.

When a port moves to the Forwarding state in RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), it triggers a topology change on a nonedge port. This means that when a port transitions from a blocking or discarding state to the forwarding state, it indicates a change in the network topology. This could be due to a new link being added or an existing link becoming active. As a result, RSTP will recalculate the spanning tree to ensure optimal network connectivity and prevent loops.

A hierarchical network's distribution layer aggregates access-layer switches. The distribution layer is responsible for connecting the access layer to the core layer in a hierarchical network design. It acts as a central point for traffic distribution and provides services such as routing, filtering, and policy enforcement. By aggregating the access-layer switches, the distribution layer reduces the number of connections required to connect the access layer to the core layer, improving scalability and manageability of the network.

A switch in VTP transparent mode can create a new VLAN. In VTP transparent mode, the switch does not participate in VTP advertisements or updates, but it still has the ability to create and modify VLANs locally. This means that it can independently create new VLANs without relying on VTP advertisements from other switches.

The default path cost of a Gigabit Ethernet switch port is 4. This means that when determining the best path for data transmission, the switch will consider the port with the lowest path cost as the preferred route. A lower path cost indicates a faster and more efficient connection.

The command "spanning-tree cost 8" can change the path cost of interface Gigabit Ethernet 3/1 to a value of 8. This command is used in Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to manually set the cost of a specific interface. By setting the cost to 8, the interface will be preferred over interfaces with higher costs when determining the best path in the network.

The command "spanning-tree vlan 5 priority 100" is most likely to make a switch become the Root Bridge for VLAN 5. This command sets the priority of the switch to 100, which is lower than the default priority of 32768. The switch with the lowest priority becomes the Root Bridge, so by setting the priority to a lower value, this command increases the likelihood of the switch becoming the Root Bridge.

The STP root guard feature should be enabled on only those ports where the Root Bridge should never appear. This feature is designed to protect the network from unauthorized switches trying to become the Root Bridge. By enabling root guard on these specific ports, any switch that attempts to become the Root Bridge will be blocked from doing so, ensuring that the designated Root Bridge remains in control of the network.

Traditional 10-Mbps Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet all operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model. Layer 2 is the data link layer, which is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between adjacent network nodes over a physical link. It provides error detection and correction, as well as addressing and framing of data packets. Therefore, these Ethernet technologies share the same layer because they all perform similar functions at the data link layer.

STP BPDU filtering effectively disables spanning-tree operation on a switch port. BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit) filtering is a feature that prevents the transmission and reception of BPDU packets on a specific port. By filtering out these packets, the switch port is no longer participating in the spanning-tree protocol, effectively disabling its operation. This feature is useful in situations where spanning-tree is not needed or desired, such as when connecting to a non-STP aware device or in a network with a different loop prevention mechanism.

RPVST+ (Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus) is an advanced version of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) that enables the use of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) on a per-VLAN basis. It is an enhancement of PVST+ (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus) which allows for faster convergence and better utilization of network resources by enabling rapid transition between port states. RPVST+ is backward compatible with PVST+ and is commonly used in modern Ethernet networks to provide redundancy and loop prevention.

The correct answer is 802.1s. This standard defines the Multiple Spanning Tree (MST) protocol, which is used to create multiple spanning tree instances in a network. MST allows for load balancing and redundancy by dividing the network into multiple regions, each with its own spanning tree. This helps to optimize network performance and ensure high availability.

The 20/80 rule of networking states that twenty percent of the traffic on a network segment stays local, whereas 80 percent of it travels across the network. This means that only a small portion of the network traffic remains within a specific segment, while the majority of it is transmitted across different segments or even outside of the network. This rule highlights the importance of efficient network design and management to ensure smooth and effective data transmission.

During RSTP convergence, the process of synchronization is used. This process ensures that all switches in the network have the same information about topology changes and the state of each port. Synchronization helps in avoiding loops and ensuring the stability of the network. It involves exchanging information between switches and updating their port states accordingly. This ensures that all switches reach a consistent and converged state, allowing for efficient and reliable network operation.

The correct answer is "channel-group 1 mode on". In this mode, there is no negotiation of any kind. The link is simply turned on and traffic is allowed to pass through without any negotiation frames being sent or received.

The correct answer is 1000BASE-FX. This is because 1000BASE-FX is a standard type of Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) or small form factor pluggable (SFP) module.

The correct answer is "Frames are untagged on an ISL trunk." because ISL (Inter-Switch Link) is a Cisco proprietary trunking protocol that does not support untagged frames. In ISL, all frames are encapsulated with an ISL header, which includes VLAN information. Therefore, frames on an ISL trunk are always tagged.

The VTP domain name and configuration revision number are the parameters that determine whether to accept new VTP information. The VTP domain name is used to identify the VTP domain, and if the incoming VTP information has a different domain name, it will not be accepted. The configuration revision number is used to track the most recent update to the VTP configuration, and if the incoming VTP information has a lower revision number, it will not be accepted.

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The STP UplinkFast feature should be enabled on an access-layer switch. This feature is used to provide fast convergence in the event of a link failure. By enabling UplinkFast on an access-layer switch, it allows for quick recovery and minimal disruption to the network. Enabling this feature on distribution or core-layer switches is not necessary as these switches are typically not directly connected to end devices and do not play a critical role in providing access to the network.

UDLD (Unidirectional Link Detection) is a protocol used to detect unidirectional links in a network. It operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model. When STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) moves a link to the Forwarding state, it means that the link is active and carrying network traffic. Therefore, UDLD must detect a unidirectional link before STP moves the link to the Forwarding state to ensure that the link is bidirectional and functioning properly.

In the Cisco implementation of MST, 16 instances of STP are supported. MST (Multiple Spanning Tree) allows for the creation of multiple spanning tree instances on a network, each with its own VLAN-to-instance mapping. This helps in load balancing and optimizing network performance. By supporting 16 instances of STP, Cisco provides flexibility and scalability for managing large networks with multiple VLANs.

If two switches each support all types of trunk encapsulation on a link between them, the negotiation will result in ISL being chosen as the trunk encapsulation protocol. ISL (Inter-Switch Link) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows for the encapsulation of multiple VLANs over a single physical link. Although 802.1Q is a standard trunking protocol, it may not be supported by both switches. DTP (Dynamic Trunking Protocol) is used for automatically negotiating trunking on a link, but it does not determine the specific trunk encapsulation protocol. VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is used for managing VLANs, but it does not determine the trunk encapsulation protocol either.

Multilayer switching with CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) involves building a single database of routing information for the switching hardware. This database allows the switching hardware to make fast and efficient forwarding decisions based on the destination address of the packets. Instead of the switch supervisor CPU forwarding each packet individually, CEF caches the first packet's routing information and subsequent packets with the same flow are then forwarded based on the cached information. This improves performance and reduces the load on the CPU.

The load-balancing method that would be more likely to use the most links in the EtherChannel is based on the source and destination TCP/UDP ports. This method distributes the traffic across multiple links based on the TCP or UDP port numbers of the source and destination. Since there are several different applications being used between the two computers, each application may have a different port number, resulting in a more even distribution of traffic across the available links in the EtherChannel.

The TCAM entries in an access list are evaluated in parallel, meaning that they are all evaluated at the same time. This allows for faster processing of packets as they can be matched against multiple entries simultaneously. The order of the original access list, the access list number, or the access list name does not affect the evaluation of the TCAM entries.

VTP pruning is used to limit the extent of broadcast traffic in a network. By enabling VTP pruning, unnecessary broadcast traffic is prevented from being forwarded to switches that do not have any active ports in the respective VLAN. This helps to reduce the amount of broadcast traffic on the network, improving overall network performance and efficiency.

STP root guard is a feature that protects a switch port from accepting superior BPDUs. Superior BPDUs are BPDUs that are received from a switch with a lower bridge ID, indicating that it has a higher priority to become the root bridge. By enabling STP root guard on a port, the switch ensures that the port will not accept any superior BPDUs and will not participate in the root bridge election process. This helps to prevent accidental or unauthorized changes to the network topology and ensures stability in the spanning tree network.

An RSTP switch considers a neighbor to be down after three BPDUs are missed. BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) are messages exchanged between switches to establish and maintain network connectivity. By monitoring the receipt of BPDUs, an RSTP switch can determine if a neighboring switch is still active and reachable. If three consecutive BPDUs are missed from a neighbor, the RSTP switch assumes that the neighbor is no longer available and considers it to be down.

Redundancy should be provided in multiple areas within a server farm block to ensure high availability and fault tolerance. Dual connections from each distribution switch to the core allow for redundancy at the network backbone level. Dual connections from each access switch to the distribution switches provide redundancy at the access layer. Dual connections from each server to the access switches offer redundancy at the server level, allowing for load balancing and failover. By implementing redundancy in these areas, the server farm block can continue to function even if there is a failure in one of the components.

A valid VTP advertisement refers to a message that is sent by a VTP server to inform other switches in the network about its VLAN configuration. In this context, the term "subset" can be considered a valid VTP advertisement as it represents a portion or a smaller group of VLANs within a larger VLAN configuration. This advertisement can be used to update and synchronize VLAN information across multiple switches in the network.

RSTP views a port as a point-to-point port based on its duplex setting. In a point-to-point connection, there are only two devices connected directly to each other, allowing for full-duplex communication. Full-duplex means that data can be transmitted and received simultaneously. RSTP identifies the port as a point-to-point port when it is set to full-duplex mode, indicating that it can support simultaneous bidirectional communication.

In a properly designed hierarchical network, a broadcast from one PC is confined to one switch block. This means that the broadcast traffic is limited to the specific area or segment of the network where the PC and the corresponding switch block are located. It does not propagate to the entire campus network, which helps to minimize network congestion and improve overall network performance.

A function of address distributes traffic over an EtherChannel. This means that the distribution of traffic is based on the source or destination address of the packets. The specific algorithm used may vary, but essentially it ensures that the traffic is evenly distributed across the links in the EtherChannel based on the address information.

STP loop guard is a feature that helps in preventing loops in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) network. It detects the sudden lack of BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) on a port. BPDUs are messages exchanged between switches to establish and maintain the spanning tree topology. If a port stops receiving BPDUs, it indicates a potential problem such as a link failure or a misconfiguration. By detecting the sudden lack of BPDUs, loop guard can block the port and prevent the creation of a loop in the network.

MST (Multiple Spanning Tree) is a protocol that allows for the creation of multiple spanning trees within a network. It provides a reduced number of STP instances, meaning that instead of having a separate spanning tree for each VLAN, MST groups multiple VLANs into a single spanning tree instance. This reduces the complexity and overhead of managing multiple spanning trees. MST also ensures fast STP convergence, which means that in the event of a network topology change, the network can quickly adapt and reconfigure itself to maintain connectivity. Additionally, MST allows for interoperability with PVST+ (Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus), which is a Cisco proprietary protocol. However, MST does not eliminate the need for CST (Common Spanning Tree), as CST is still required to provide a loop-free topology for VLANs that are not part of any MST instance.

The network diameter value of 7 is the basis for the default Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) timer calculations. The network diameter represents the maximum number of switches or bridges that a frame must traverse in order to reach its destination. By using this value, STP can calculate and adjust timers to ensure that the network remains stable and prevents loops.

When Fast Ethernet ports are bundled into an EtherChannel on a Catalyst switch, the maximum throughput supported is 1600 Mbps. This is because each Fast Ethernet port has a maximum throughput of 100 Mbps, and when multiple ports are bundled together, their throughputs are combined. Therefore, if four Fast Ethernet ports are bundled, the maximum throughput would be 400 Mbps (4 x 100 Mbps). In this case, the maximum throughput is 1600 Mbps, indicating that multiple Fast Ethernet ports are being used to achieve higher speeds.

In the Learning state of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), the switch is still learning the MAC addresses of devices connected to its ports. During this state, the switch listens to network traffic and populates its MAC address table. However, no data can be sent or received until the switch transitions to the Forwarding state. Therefore, if a switch port is in the Learning state, no data can be sent or received.

When a switch receives a UDLD (Unidirectional Link Detection) message on a link, it is required to echo the message back across the same link. This is done to verify that the link is bidirectional and to detect any unidirectional link failures. By echoing the message back, the switch ensures that the link is functioning properly in both directions.

The mask and pattern fields in a TCAM entry are 134 bits in size. This means that both the mask and pattern fields are 134 bits long and can store information or data of that size.

The EtherChannel load-balancing method can be set globally per switch. This means that the load-balancing method will be applied to all the EtherChannels on that particular switch. It cannot be configured on a per switch port or per EtherChannel basis.

Multilayer switching (MLS) forwards packets based on OSI layers 2, 3, and 4. Layer 2 is the data link layer, which handles the physical addressing of devices on the network. Layer 3 is the network layer, responsible for logical addressing and routing. Layer 4 is the transport layer, which manages end-to-end communication between devices. Therefore, MLS considers all these layers when forwarding packets.

The two types of core designs mentioned in the answer are "Collapsed core" and "Dual core". A collapsed core design refers to a network architecture where the core and distribution layers are combined into a single layer, reducing complexity and cost. On the other hand, a dual core design involves having two separate core layers for redundancy and increased reliability. These designs are commonly used in network infrastructure to ensure efficient and reliable data transmission.

Frames in the Catalyst 6500 are filtered with access lists for security and QoS purposes. The filtering occurs according to how the access lists are configured. This means that the access lists define the specific criteria and rules for filtering frames, such as source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, or other parameters. The frames are then filtered based on these configured access lists. The filtering process takes place after a CAM table lookup, which is used to determine the appropriate outgoing interface for the frame.

CST stands for Common Spanning Tree and is the Spanning Tree Protocol defined in the IEEE 802.1Q standard. It is used in networks that have multiple VLANs and ensures that only one spanning tree is used for all VLANs, reducing the complexity and overhead of managing multiple spanning trees.

The task of identifying distribution switches to connect the switch blocks is not an appropriate strategy for migrating an existing network into the Enterprise Composite Model. The Enterprise Composite Model is a hierarchical network design that consists of access, distribution, and core layers. In this model, switch blocks are connected to distribution switches, which are then connected to the core layer. Therefore, the distribution switches should already be identified and in place before migrating the network into the Enterprise Composite Model.

Access-layer switches and distribution-layer switches are components of a typical switch block. Access-layer switches are responsible for connecting end devices, such as computers and printers, to the network. Distribution-layer switches are used to connect access-layer switches to the core-layer switches. Core-layer switches are not mentioned in the question, but they are another component of a typical switch block, as they are responsible for routing data between different networks. E-commerce servers and service provider switches are not components of a typical switch block.

A switch block should be sized according to the number of access-layer users and a study of the traffic patterns and flows. The number of access-layer users is important because it determines the capacity needed to handle the network traffic. A study of the traffic patterns and flows helps to understand the data flow and identify potential bottlenecks or areas of high traffic, allowing for proper sizing of the switch block to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.

The STP BackboneFast feature should be enabled on all switches in the network. This feature is used to speed up the convergence of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) in case of a link failure. By enabling this feature on all switches, it ensures that the network can quickly recover from any link failures and maintain a stable and efficient network topology.

When a switch block is too large, several evidence can be observed. Firstly, the broadcast traffic becomes excessive. This is because a large switch block means more devices, which leads to an increase in broadcast messages that are sent to all devices in the network. Secondly, traffic is throttled at the distribution-layer switches. This happens because the distribution-layer switches have limited capacity and may struggle to handle the high volume of traffic generated by the large switch block. Lastly, network congestion occurs. The excessive traffic and limited capacity of the switches can result in congestion, causing delays and performance issues in the network.

If the Root Bridge switch and another switch are configured with different STP hello timer values, the other switch will change its Hello timer to match the Root Bridge. This is because the Hello timer is used by switches to exchange information and determine the best path to the Root Bridge. In order to ensure that the switches are in sync and to prevent any bridging loops from forming, the other switch adjusts its Hello timer to match that of the Root Bridge.

The services typically located at the enterprise edge block are VPN and remote access and e-commerce servers. VPN and remote access services allow employees or authorized users to securely connect to the enterprise network from remote locations. E-commerce servers are used to host online stores or conduct online transactions. These services are typically placed at the enterprise edge block to ensure secure access and efficient delivery of services to external users or customers.

The correct answer is Core block, Server farm block, and Switch block. These three building blocks or modules are commonly used to build a scalable campus network. The core block is responsible for high-speed connectivity within the network and acts as the central hub. The server farm block is used to house and manage the servers that provide various services to the network. The switch block is used to connect different network devices and facilitate communication between them. Together, these building blocks form the foundation of a scalable and efficient campus network.