12 Plant Anatomy And Physiology

The waxy protective covering of a plant is called the cuticle. The cuticle is a thin, waterproof layer that covers the outer surface of leaves, stems, and other aerial plant parts. It helps to reduce water loss through evaporation and protects the plant from various environmental stresses such as UV radiation, pathogens, and physical damage. Therefore, the statement is true.

The correct answer is False. Phloem tissue is not involved in the transport of water in plants. Instead, phloem tissue is responsible for the transport of organic nutrients, such as sugars, from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Water transport in plants is primarily carried out by the xylem tissue.

Mesophyll is a specialized tissue found in the leaves of plants. It is responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll, the pigment that gives plants their green color, is located in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells. This pigment absorbs light energy and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Therefore, it is correct to say that mesophyll contains chlorophyll.

Kreb's cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. The cycle is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through the breakdown of glucose. The correct answer, b) mitochondrial matrix, is the location where Kreb's cycle takes place. The mitochondrial matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria and is where most of the chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur.

Mitochondria are known as the ATP factory of the cells. They are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy source for cellular processes. Through a series of biochemical reactions, mitochondria convert nutrients into ATP molecules, which are then used by the cells for various functions such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and synthesis of molecules. Therefore, mitochondria play a crucial role in energy production and are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

In monocot stems, the cambium is not present between the xylem and phloem. Monocots have scattered vascular bundles, and the cambium, which is responsible for secondary growth, is absent. Instead, monocots have primary growth, where the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem without any cambium layer. Therefore, the statement is false.

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Anaerobic respiration does not produce more ATP than aerobic respiration. In fact, aerobic respiration produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the breakdown of glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a smaller amount of ATP by breaking down glucose into lactic acid or ethanol. Therefore, the statement is false.

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During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced when water (H2O) is split into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen atoms (O2) through a process called photolysis. This occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, specifically in the light-dependent reactions. ATP is converted to ADP during the process of phosphorylation, which is not directly related to the production of oxygen. CO2 fixation, on the other hand, is part of the light-independent reactions and does not produce oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is b) when H2O is split.

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Ethyl alcohol is formed during anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and is a process that breaks down glucose to produce energy. In anaerobic conditions, glucose is converted into pyruvate through glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is then converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide through a process called fermentation. This is commonly seen in microorganisms like yeast, which use fermentation to produce ethyl alcohol as a byproduct. Therefore, option b) Ethyl alcohol is the correct answer.

Palisade parenchyma cells are actually found in the leaves of dicot plants, not in the roots. In the roots, the cells that occur below the upper epidermis are typically the cortex cells, which play a role in storage and support. Therefore, the given statement is false.

Xylem and phloem are two types of tissues that are responsible for the transportation of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout a plant. They are found in vascular bundles, which are groups of these tissues located in the stem and roots of a plant. When xylem and phloem occur on the same radius, they form a vascular bundle called "conjoint". This term describes the arrangement of these tissues in a single bundle, allowing for efficient transport within the plant.

In photosynthesis, plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The oxygen is released as a byproduct, and it comes from the process of photolysis of water. During photolysis, water molecules are split into hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen gas (O2) using energy from sunlight. This oxygen is then released into the atmosphere, providing the oxygen that we breathe.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is the first step in cellular respiration and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. The enzymes required for glycolysis are present in the cytoplasm, where they catalyze the various reactions of this pathway. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoplasm.

The cortex is a region in plant roots that lies between the rhizodermis and endodermis. The rhizodermis is the outermost layer of cells in the root, responsible for absorption of water and nutrients. The endodermis is the innermost layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue, acting as a barrier to control the movement of substances into the vascular system. Therefore, the cortex is the layer between these two important layers in the root, playing a role in storage, support, and transport of substances within the root.