Something Now About Building Technology

Cranes are machines specifically designed to lift large and heavy materials. They are equipped with a hoist, ropes or chains, and a boom, which allows them to reach great heights and move heavy objects with precision and control. Unlike diggers and bulldozers, which are primarily used for excavation and earthmoving tasks, cranes are specialized lifting machines commonly used in construction, manufacturing, and other industries that require the movement of heavy loads.

A Phillips screwdriver has an X-shaped tip that is specifically designed to fit into Phillips-head screws. This type of screwdriver is not suitable for turning any other type of screws, as it may not fit properly or provide enough torque. The X-shaped tip allows for better engagement and reduces the chances of the screwdriver slipping out of the screw head while turning. Therefore, the correct answer is Phillips screwdriver.

A wood chisel is a tool specifically designed for trimming and removing excess material from wood joints. It has a sharp, beveled edge that allows for precise cutting and shaping of wood. Wood chisels are commonly used in woodworking and carpentry to create clean and smooth cuts, and to achieve accurate and tight-fitting joints. They are not suitable for trimming or working with other materials such as metal or plastic.

A power drill is the correct answer because it is a type of power tool that is commonly used to drill holes in various materials such as wood, metal, and concrete. Unlike a manual drill, which requires physical force to operate, a power drill is motorized and provides more efficiency and convenience in drilling tasks. A riveter is a tool used for joining or fastening materials with rivets and is not specifically designed for drilling holes. Therefore, the correct option is power drill.

A rotary hammer is a tool that combines both rotating and reciprocating actions to drill holes in concrete. It is similar to an electric drill but is specifically designed for heavy-duty drilling tasks. The rotating action helps to penetrate the concrete while the reciprocating action helps to break up and remove the debris. This makes the rotary hammer a powerful and efficient tool for drilling into hard materials like concrete. A sledge hammer is a large, heavy hammer used for breaking or driving objects, while a jack hammer is a pneumatic or electric tool used for breaking up concrete or pavement.

Fresh concrete is in a liquid state and needs to be shaped and supported until it hardens and gains strength. Formwork refers to the temporary structure or mold that is used to shape and contain the concrete during the curing process. It provides the necessary support and shape to the concrete until it can support itself. Using formwork ensures that the concrete maintains its desired shape and prevents any deformation or collapse during the curing process.

Excavating is the correct answer because it refers to the process of digging the earth to create a space for the foundation of a building. This involves removing soil, rocks, and other materials to create a hole or trench where the foundation will be laid. Excavating is an essential step in construction as it prepares the ground for the building's foundation and ensures stability and support for the structure.

The term "construction equipments" refers to large, complex tools and machines that are specifically designed for performing various tasks in the construction industry. These equipments are used for activities such as excavation, lifting, hauling, and material handling. They are essential for completing construction projects efficiently and effectively. Construction equipments include machinery like excavators, bulldozers, cranes, loaders, and concrete mixers, among others.

A claw hammer is the correct answer because it is a type of hammer that is commonly used to drive or remove nails. It has a flat striking surface on one side for driving nails into a surface, and a curved claw on the other side for removing nails. This makes it a versatile tool for various carpentry and construction tasks. A sledge hammer is too heavy-duty for driving or removing nails, and a hammer rim is not a commonly used term for a specific type of hammer. Therefore, the correct answer is claw hammer.

A sledgehammer is a heavy hammer that is specifically designed for driving stakes into the ground and breaking up concrete and stone. It is larger and heavier than a regular hammer, allowing for more force to be exerted when striking. The weight and size of the sledgehammer make it more effective for tasks that require significant impact and force, making it the correct answer in this context.

A pry bar is a tool that is specifically designed to apply leverage and force in order to open or separate objects. In the context of forming concrete, pry bars are commonly used to force open boards that are used as molds or forms for pouring concrete. This allows for the easy removal of the boards once the concrete has set and hardened.

Riprap is a layer of irregularly broken and random-sized stones placed on the slope of an embankment. It is used to protect the slope from erosion caused by water or other natural forces. The stones in the riprap layer provide stability and prevent the soil from being washed away. Riprap is commonly used in areas with high water flow, such as riverbanks, shorelines, or drainage channels. It is a cost-effective and durable solution for erosion control.

Gabions are wire baskets filled with stones that are used to create abutments or retaining structures. The stones provide stability and strength to the structure, while the wire baskets prevent the stones from shifting or falling out. This method is commonly used in civil engineering and landscaping projects to create walls, retaining walls, and erosion control structures. The galvanized or PVC coated wire baskets ensure durability and longevity of the gabion structure.

A standard screwdriver has a flat tip that is specifically designed to fit a standard slotted screw. This type of screwdriver is commonly used for tasks that involve tightening or loosening screws with a single straight slot in the head. The flat tip of the standard screwdriver allows for a secure fit in the screw's slot, ensuring effective and efficient screwdriving.

The correct answer is "heavy equipment" because it accurately describes equipment that is both large and powerful. This term is commonly used to refer to machinery or vehicles that are designed for heavy-duty tasks and require significant power to operate.

Dewatering refers to the process of lowering the water table or preventing an excavation from filling with groundwater. It involves removing water from an area to create a drier environment for construction or mining purposes. This can be achieved through various methods such as pumping, using drainage systems, or installing wells. Dewatering is essential to ensure the stability and safety of the excavation site and to enable construction activities to take place effectively.

Grading refers to the process of changing the elevation and slope of land by filling in low spots and shaving off high spots. This involves manipulating the topography of the land to create a more level surface or to achieve a desired slope. Grading is commonly done in construction and landscaping projects to prepare the land for building or to improve drainage and prevent erosion. It is an essential step in creating a stable and usable site.

The correct answer is LUMBER AND STEEL. These materials are commonly used in forms and shoring construction. Lumber is often used for formwork, which is the temporary structure used to support and shape concrete during the pouring and curing process. Steel is commonly used for shoring, which is the temporary support system used to prevent the collapse of excavations or structures during construction. Both materials are strong and durable, making them ideal for these types of construction applications.

A digital rule is used to measure relatively long distances such as those in highway construction because it provides accurate and precise measurements. Unlike a tape measure or folded tape rule, a digital rule uses electronic sensors to measure the distance, eliminating the need for manual reading and reducing the chance of human error. Additionally, a digital rule typically has a larger display that allows for easy reading of the measurements, making it more suitable for measuring longer distances. A ruler, on the other hand, is not suitable for measuring long distances as it is typically shorter in length.

A jack hammer is the correct answer because it is a power tool specifically designed for breaking up concrete or asphalt paving. It operates by delivering a high-impact force through a reciprocating hammering action, making it highly effective for demolition work. Sledge hammer and rotary hammer are also tools used for breaking up materials, but they are not specifically designed for concrete or asphalt paving.

A pipe wrench is a type of tool that is specifically designed to turn round objects like pipes. It has adjustable jaws that can grip onto the pipe securely, allowing the user to apply torque and turn the pipe as needed. This makes it an ideal tool for tasks such as plumbing or working with pipes in general. A monkey wrench, on the other hand, is a different type of wrench that is not specifically designed for turning round objects like pipes. Therefore, the correct answer is pipe wrench.

An excavator is a machine that is specifically designed for digging or scooping earth from one place and depositing it in another. It is commonly used in construction and excavation projects to move large amounts of soil, rocks, and debris. Excavators are equipped with a bucket at the end of a hydraulic arm, which can be used to dig trenches, demolish structures, or load materials onto trucks. They are versatile and powerful machines that are essential in various construction and mining operations.

When the desired change in ground elevation exceeds the angle of repose of the soil, it means that the soil is not stable enough to hold itself in place. In such cases, a retaining wall is necessary to prevent the mass of earth on the uphill side from collapsing or sliding down. Retaining structures are specifically designed to provide support and stability to the soil, preventing erosion and maintaining the desired ground elevation.

Stabilizing the soil is the correct answer because it refers to the process of compacting the soil on which the structure will rest. This process ensures that the soil is properly compacted and stable enough to support the weight and load of the structure. By stabilizing the soil, any potential settling or shifting of the soil can be minimized, reducing the risk of structural damage or failure.

Soil binders are materials that help prevent erosion by binding the soil particles together. They form a cohesive layer that stabilizes the soil and prevents it from being washed away by water or wind. By creating a strong network of roots, these binders provide slope protection and help maintain the integrity of the soil. This can be particularly useful in areas with steep slopes or high erosion potential.

Hand tools are the tools that use power delivered by man only. These tools are manually operated and do not require any external power source, such as electricity or fuel. Examples of hand tools include hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers, and chisels. These tools are commonly used in various tasks, such as carpentry, plumbing, and mechanical repairs, where the power and control are provided solely by the user's hand.

Batterboards are horizontal boards that are used to establish the height of the finish foundation and to support the guidelines for the excavation of footing trenches. They provide a reference point for the construction of the foundation and ensure that the trenches are dug at the correct depth and alignment. By securely attaching the batterboards to stakes, they create a stable framework that helps maintain the accuracy of the excavation process.

A chalk line is a tool that is used for marking lines. It consists of a reel, a string, and powdered chalk. The string is coated with chalk powder, and when it is pulled tight and snapped against a surface, it leaves a straight and visible line of chalk. This tool is commonly used in construction and carpentry to ensure precise measurements and straight lines when cutting or installing materials.

The foundation bed refers to the natural material on which the construction rests. It is the layer of soil or rock that provides a stable and solid base for the building's foundation. This layer is carefully prepared and compacted to ensure that it can support the weight of the structure and distribute the load evenly. The foundation bed is an essential component of any construction project as it helps prevent settlement and structural damage.

Steel forms are a type of construction formwork that is commonly used for concrete joist construction, steel decking, and concrete slabs. They are made of steel and provide a strong and durable structure for pouring and shaping concrete. Steel forms are preferred in construction due to their strength, stability, and ability to withstand heavy loads. They are also reusable, making them a cost-effective choice for construction projects. Timber forms, wood forms, and alloy forms are not as commonly used as steel forms in these types of construction applications.

The correct answer is "a" because waterproof plywood is necessary for forms that will be exposed to water or moisture. Additionally, it should be of Grade A quality to ensure durability and strength. Lastly, the plywood should be at least ½” thick to provide stability and support for the forms.

A hack saw is a type of hand saw that is specifically designed for cutting metals. It has a fine-toothed blade that is tensioned in a frame, allowing for precise and controlled cutting. The small teeth on the hack saw blade are able to cut through metal materials efficiently, making it a suitable tool for metalworking tasks.

A screw gun is a power tool specifically designed for the installation and removal of screws. It is commonly used in construction and woodworking projects where a large number of screws need to be driven into or removed from various materials. The term "gun" refers to the shape and design of the tool, resembling a firearm. This tool is often equipped with a Phillips head bit, which is a common type of screw head. Therefore, the correct answer is "screw gun."

The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all the components mentioned in the question (ledger, brace, standard, heads, jacks, and bases) are major components of metal shoring or scaffolding. Each of these components plays a crucial role in providing stability, support, and safety to the structure. The ledger or horizontal brace provides horizontal support, the brace or diagonal provides diagonal support, the standard or vertical component provides vertical support, and the heads, jacks, and bases are used for adjusting the height and providing a stable foundation.

An open pit is the most suitable method for shallow work because it allows for an actual inspection of the undisturbed material over a considerable area. Test pits are dug in order to gather information about the soil and its properties. This method provides a more accurate representation of the soil conditions compared to test borings, which involve drilling holes into the ground. Soil tests can also be used to gather information about the soil, but they may not provide the same level of detail as test pits.

Fiberglass is widely used for thermal insulation in building construction due to its effective insulating properties, lightweight nature, and ease of installation. Concrete and steel are structural materials, while glass is used for windows and other transparent applications, but none are primarily used for thermal insulation.

Cross bracing or rakers are used to support the wales and soldier piles in a construction project. They bear on heel blocks or footings and provide stability to the system. This helps to prevent any lateral movement or collapse of the wales and soldier piles. Cross bracing or rakers are essential in maintaining the structural integrity of the construction and ensuring the safety of the workers and the project as a whole.

Snap ties are a type of form ties that have notches or crimps that enable their ends to be easily snapped off below the concrete surface after removing the forms. This feature allows for a clean and smooth concrete finish without any protruding ties. Snap ties are commonly used in construction to secure formwork and ensure the stability and integrity of concrete structures.

A surveyor's level is a tool used to determine the elevation of a point. It is commonly used in surveying to measure height differences between different points on the ground. By comparing the elevation of a known point with the elevation of an unidentified point, the surveyor can determine the elevation of the unidentified point. This is done by sighting through the telescope of the surveyor's level and measuring the vertical distance between the two points. The surveyor's level is an essential tool in construction and land surveying projects.

Before any design is made, the architect needs to gather valuable data about the site excavation and building erection at the project location. This information is crucial for determining the characteristics of the materials that will be encountered at the foundation bed level. Site investigation involves conducting surveys, collecting soil samples, and analyzing the site conditions to assess its suitability for construction. It helps in understanding the soil composition, groundwater level, and any potential risks or challenges that may affect the foundation design. Therefore, site investigation is necessary to gather necessary information for the successful execution of the project.

A crosscut saw is used to cut across the grain of wood. Unlike a ripsaw, which is used to cut along the grain, a crosscut saw has teeth that are designed to cut through the wood fibers rather than parallel to them. This type of saw is commonly used for making precise and clean cuts across the width of a piece of wood. A backsaw is a type of crosscut saw that has a reinforced back edge, providing additional stability and accuracy. A hacksaw, on the other hand, is used for cutting metal, and is not designed for cutting wood.

A spiral ratchet screwdriver is the correct answer because it relies on a pushing force rather than a twisting force. Unlike a Phillips or standard screwdriver, which require a twisting motion to drive the screw, a spiral ratchet screwdriver has a mechanism that allows it to move in a forward pushing motion, making it easier and more efficient to use.

A table saw is a tool used for cutting large sheets of wood and wood composites. It consists of a blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a table-like surface. This setup allows for precise and controlled cuts to be made by sliding the material along the table and against the blade. The table saw is commonly used in woodworking shops and construction sites due to its versatility and ability to handle large and heavy materials.

A construction laser is a device that emits a narrow and accurate beam of light. It is used to create a baseline for additional measurements and is commonly used as a level or alignment tool in construction projects. This tool helps surveyors and construction workers ensure that structures and surfaces are level and properly aligned.

A framing square is a layout tool that is specifically designed to measure 90-degree angles at the corners of framework and joints. It is commonly used in carpentry and construction to ensure accurate and precise measurements for cutting and assembling materials. The framing square can also be utilized to determine cutting angles on dimension lumber, making it a versatile tool for various applications in the construction industry.

Conveyors are equipment specifically designed to move materials other than fluids. They are commonly used in industries to transport goods from one location to another. Unlike transporters, which can refer to various modes of transportation including trucks, conveyors are specifically designed for material handling and are typically used in assembly lines or warehouses to automate the movement of goods.

The given correct answer "shebolts" is likely a misspelling or typo. It is possible that the correct term is "eye bolts" instead. Eye bolts are a type of fastener that consists of a threaded rod with a loop or "eye" at one end. They are commonly used for attaching cables or ropes to objects. The explanation for the correct answer is that the water rods are threaded onto the ends of an inner rod, suggesting that they are attached using some type of bolt, such as eye bolts.

Shoring is the correct answer because it involves transferring a portion of the load of the wall to temporary footings. This process is done when the excavation does not go much below the adjoining footings and when the material is fairly solid. Shoring provides temporary support to prevent collapse or movement of the surrounding soil during construction or excavation activities.

Underpinning is a process used when part or all of the weight of a wall needs to be supported or carried. This is typically done when the old footing is removed and the wall needs to be supported or carried down to a new footing at a greater depth. Needles or girders are used in this process to provide the necessary support.

A transit is a type of equipment commonly used by surveyors to measure both horizontal and vertical angles in order to determine the elevation of land. This tool is essential for accurately mapping out and measuring the topography of an area. It is often used in construction projects, land development, and civil engineering to ensure precise measurements and proper alignment.