Building Technology 4- Division 4 Masonry

The given description mentions a masonry unit with multiple cells or cores made of water, Portland cement, and different types of aggregate. This matches the characteristics of a concrete block, which is commonly used in construction. Therefore, the correct answer is concrete block.

In plastering, the three-coat method is commonly used. The first coat applied is called the scratch coat. This coat is used to create a rough surface that helps the next coat, called the brown coat, adhere properly. The scratch coat also helps to level out any imperfections in the wall or surface being plastered. Once the scratch coat has dried, the brown coat is applied followed by the final coat, known as the finish coat. The scratch coat is an essential part of the three-coat plastering method as it provides a strong base for the subsequent coats.

Facing brick is the correct answer because it is specially processed to give specific surface characteristics, making it suitable for exposed masonry surfaces. Glazed brick refers to bricks with a smooth and shiny surface due to a glaze coating. Common or building brick is a general term for regular bricks used in construction. Fire (refractory) brick is designed to withstand high temperatures and is used in fireplaces and kilns. Therefore, facing brick best fits the description provided.

The correct answer is Herring-bone because it is the pattern formed when bricks are laid diagonally. This pattern is characterized by a series of V-shaped formations that resemble the bones of a fish, hence the name "herring-bone". The other options, Common Bond, English Bond, and Flemish Bond, are different types of brick bonding patterns but do not involve laying the bricks diagonally.

The correct answer is "finish coat". In the two-coat method of plastering, only two coats are applied - a scratch coat and a finish coat. However, in the three-coat method, an additional coat called the finish coat is applied after the scratch coat and brown coat. The finish coat is the final layer of plaster that is applied to achieve a smooth and even surface.

Fire (refractory) bricks are specifically designed to withstand high temperatures and are commonly used for lining furnaces, fireplaces, and chimneys. They are made from a mixture of flint clay and plastic clay, which gives them excellent heat resistance and durability. Glazed bricks, facing bricks, and common or building bricks are not suitable for such applications as they do not have the same level of heat resistance.

A course refers to a continuous layer of bricks, stones, or other masonry units. It is a horizontal row of these units that are laid one on top of the other. Courses are used to build walls, foundations, and other structures. Each course is typically leveled and aligned with the previous one to ensure stability and strength in the construction.

Bricks are structural units of clay or shale that are formed while in a plastic state and then fired. This firing process gives bricks their strength and durability, making them suitable for construction purposes. Unlike stones, marble, and granite, which are natural materials, bricks are man-made and can be manufactured in various sizes and shapes to suit different building needs. Therefore, bricks are the correct answer in this context.

Durisol block is a lightweight block made from fiber and cement. The block units are two-core, with dimensions of either 100mm (4") or 150mm (6") x 87mm (7-1/2") x 600mm (24"). Durisol blocks are known for their durability and strength, making them suitable for construction purposes. They are often used in building projects where a lightweight yet sturdy material is needed.

English Bond is a type of brickwork pattern that consists of alternate courses of stretchers and headers. In this bond, the headers are centered on the stretchers in each course, creating a strong and stable structure. This bond is commonly used in traditional English architecture and provides a pleasing aesthetic appearance. The other options listed, such as Common Bond, Flemish Bond, and Herring-bone, do not consist of alternate courses of stretchers and headers, making English Bond the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster." This is because the given description mentions that gypsum plaster mixed with suitable mineral aggregate is used when weight is important and for fire-proofing other materials. This indicates that the plaster being referred to is lightweight and fire-resistant.

Sgrafitto is a highly decorative type of plaster work developed in Italy during the Renaissance. This technique involves applying two or three thin coats of plaster in different colors and then cutting away certain areas of one or two coats to create a three-dimensional colored design.

Quoins are the correct answer because they are the corner stones at the angles of buildings. These stones are usually rusticated, meaning they are made to project from the normal surface of the wall. Quoins are used to provide visual interest and add strength to the corners of buildings.

Rustic or Rock work is the correct answer because it refers to the technique of using stones with jagged surfaces to create a rough and natural-looking finish. This type of work is commonly used in landscaping or construction projects where a more rugged and organic aesthetic is desired. The term "rubble work" refers to the use of irregularly shaped stones, while "random work" generally refers to a more random arrangement of stones. Ashlar, on the other hand, refers to the use of finely cut and precisely shaped stones.

Plaster is a mixture of cementitious material (lime, gypsum or cement), sand, and water. It is applied in layers to masonry surfaces, lath, or plaster boards to create a smooth and hard finish on interior or exterior walls and ceilings. Plaster is commonly used in construction to provide a decorative and protective coating.

A stretcher is a brick or block masonry that is laid lengthwise of a wall. It is called a stretcher because it stretches along the length of the wall. In contrast, a header is a brick or block masonry that is laid widthwise of a wall. Therefore, the correct answer is stretcher.

A heading course is a type of masonry course where all the bricks or masonry units are laid with their headers facing outwards. In this course, the short end of the brick is visible on the face of the wall, creating a neat and uniform appearance. This type of course is commonly used in decorative or architectural masonry work to enhance the visual appeal of the structure.

In order to ensure the structural integrity and strength of a concrete block wall, it is necessary to incorporate a reinforced concrete lintel or beam block every twelfth course. This additional block provides support and reinforcement to the wall, preventing it from cracking or collapsing under pressure. The lintel or beam block acts as a horizontal beam, distributing the load evenly and enhancing the overall stability of the wall.

A header is a brick or block that is laid with its end facing outwards, extending over the thickness of the wall. It is typically used to provide strength and stability to the wall, as well as to create a decorative pattern or design. Headers are often used in conjunction with stretchers, which are bricks or blocks laid with their long sides facing outwards, to create a strong and visually appealing masonry structure. The other options, such as stretcher, heading course, and soldier, do not accurately describe the specific type of masonry mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is "third course". The explanation for this is that reinforcement for the wall concrete blocks consists of 10mm (3/8") vertical bars at 600mm (24") on centers and 3/8" horizontal bars. These horizontal bars are placed every third course of the wall.

Acoustic plaster is the correct answer because it is specifically mentioned in the given information that the plaster is used for acoustic treatment of interior walls and ceilings. This implies that the plaster is designed to enhance sound absorption and improve acoustics in a room. The other options, such as fibered gypsum plaster, Keene's cement, molding plaster, and Plaster of Paris, are not mentioned in relation to acoustic treatment and therefore do not fit the given description.

Common or building brick is the correct answer because it is stated in the given options that it is used for all purposes, including facing. This implies that common or building bricks are versatile and can be used for various construction purposes, including as facing material.

The given answer "Rubble work" is the most appropriate choice because it accurately describes the masonry technique being discussed in the passage. The passage explains that rubble work involves using rough, undressed stones where only the roughest irregularities are knocked off. This aligns with the definition of rubble work and distinguishes it from other options such as random work, ashlar, or rustic/rock work.

Mortar is a mixture of siliceous materials and cement that, when combined with water, forms a plastic state that hardens into a stonelike substance. Mortar is commonly used in construction to bind bricks or stones together, providing structural integrity to buildings. Unlike cement, which is a component of mortar, mortar is a mixture that includes other materials like sand or crushed stone. Plaster is a different material used for coating walls and ceilings, and grout is used for filling gaps between tiles.

Plaster is a type of mortar that is applied to wall surfaces as both a preparation coat and a hard finish coat. It is commonly used to create a smooth and even surface on walls before painting or wallpapering. Plaster is made by mixing cement, sand, and water, and it can be applied in multiple layers to achieve the desired thickness and texture. Once dry, plaster provides a durable and aesthetically pleasing finish to walls.

The correct answer is "brown-coat". In plastering, a three-coat job involves applying a second binding coat called the brown-coat. This coat is applied after the initial scratch coat and before the final finish coat. The brown-coat serves as a base for the finish coat and helps to create a smooth and even surface. It provides additional strength and stability to the plastered surface.

Mortar is the correct answer because it is a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is used to bind masonry units together or to attach surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, or stones to a wall or floor. It acts as a glue that holds the materials in place and provides structural integrity to the construction. Cement, plaster, and grout are not specifically designed for this purpose and may not have the same adhesive properties as mortar.

The term "bed" refers to the horizontal surfaces on which the stones or bricks of walls lie in the courses. In other words, it is the layer or surface on which the individual units of a wall are placed. The bed provides stability and support for the wall structure, ensuring that the stones or bricks are properly aligned and connected. It is an essential component of the wall construction process.

Glazed brick is the correct answer because it is the only option that matches the description of having a smooth outer surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish. The other options, facing brick, common or building brick, and fire (refractory) brick, do not mention anything about a glazed finish.

Random work refers to stones that are fitted together without any attempt to lay them in a specific pattern or course. This type of construction is often seen in rubble work, where stones of different shapes and sizes are used to create a rough, irregular appearance. Random work can also be referred to as rustic or rock work, as it gives a natural and unrefined look to the structure.

The term "bond" refers to the connection between bricks, stones, or other masonry units in a building. It is formed by lapping them one upon another, carrying up the work, so as to form an inseparable mass. The purpose of the bond is to prevent the vertical joints from falling over each other, ensuring stability and strength in the structure. It is also known as a breaking joint.

Ashlar refers to squared stones that are arranged in regular courses, as opposed to rubble work or random work where stones are not cut or shaped uniformly. Ashlar masonry is characterized by its clean, precise lines and smooth surfaces, making it a popular choice for creating a polished and refined appearance in buildings. The other options, rubble work and random work, refer to masonry styles where stones are used in their natural form without much shaping or uniformity. Rustic or rock work typically involves using irregularly shaped stones to create a more rugged or naturalistic look.

A wythe or tier refers to each continuous, vertical section of the wall that is one masonry unit thick. This term is commonly used in construction and masonry to describe the individual layers or sections of a wall. It helps to differentiate between the different layers and provides a way to discuss the construction and arrangement of the wall.

Flemish Bond is the correct answer because it consists of alternate headers and stretchers in each course. This means that in each row or course of bricks, the headers (bricks placed with their ends facing outwards) alternate with the stretchers (bricks placed with their long sides facing outwards). This creates a visually appealing pattern and also provides structural stability to the wall. In contrast, Common Bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers, English Bond consists of alternating courses of headers and stretchers with each header centered over the stretcher, and Herringbone consists of bricks laid in a zigzag pattern.

Bond stones are stones that run through the thickness of a wall at right angles to its face, in order to bind it together. They are essential for providing structural stability and preventing the wall from collapsing or separating. By interlocking with the surrounding stones, bond stones help distribute the weight and forces evenly throughout the wall, making it stronger and more durable.

The given mixture of 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or Keene's cement, and 3 parts sand by weight is commonly known as a brown coat. This coat is used as a base layer for interior walls and ceilings. It is applied after the scratch coat and provides a smooth and level surface for the final finish coat.

The correct answer is "sand float finish". In Portland cement plaster, the second coat is the finish coat, which can be smooth or hard finish. If sand is added to the finish coat, it is called a sand float finish. This type of finish provides a textured surface and is achieved by using a float to create a sandy appearance on the plaster.

A soldier is a brick that is laid on its end with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall. This positioning allows for a stronger and more stable structure. The other options, stretcher, heading course, and header, do not describe this specific positioning of the brick.

The correct answer is Fibered gypsum plaster. This is because the question states that the gypsum plaster is premixed with fibers, which indicates that it has added reinforcement for strength and durability. Additionally, it is mixed with water and sand for use as a scratch coat in a three-coat plastering job.

Molding plaster is the correct answer because it is specifically used for ornamental plaster work and castings. It is mixed with water according to the manufacturer's directions to achieve the desired consistency and is commonly used in the process of creating intricate and detailed molds for decorative purposes.

Common Bond is the correct answer because it consists of five stretcher courses and then a header course. This pattern is generally started with a row of headers at the bottom course. The other options, English Bond, Flemish Bond, and Herring-bone, do not follow this specific arrangement of stretcher and header courses.

Portland cement plaster is the correct answer because it is a type of plaster that is mixed with water, sand, and lime putty. It is commonly used for both exterior and interior walls and ceilings, providing a durable and smooth finish. Portland cement plaster is known for its strength and versatility, making it a popular choice in construction and renovation projects.

Gypsum plaster is the correct answer because it is a type of plaster that is commonly used for interior walls and ceilings. It is made by mixing plaster of Paris with clay, lime, and other materials. It can be mixed with water, sand, lime putty, hair, or fiber to create a two or three-coat finish. It can also be used dry as an ingredient for a hard or sand float finish with lime plaster. Gypsum plaster is known for its high strength and is often used in construction and renovation projects.

For 8" walls, the reinforcement consists of ½" diameter vertical bars placed at 24" intervals, and ___" diameter horizontal bars placed every third course. The correct answer is 1/2" because it completes the sentence and provides the missing information about the diameter of the horizontal bars.

Prepared gypsum plaster refers to a type of gypsum plaster that is ready to use without any additional mixing or preparation. It is commonly used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and ceilings. This type of plaster is convenient and time-saving as it eliminates the need for measuring and mixing different ingredients. It provides a smooth and durable finish and is suitable for various applications in construction and renovation projects.

The given question is asking for the minimum compressive strength of the load-bearing concrete hollow block units. The correct answer is 750 PSI, which means that these blocks are capable of withstanding a minimum pressure of 750 pounds per square inch before they start to deform or break. This high compressive strength ensures that the blocks can support heavy loads and provide structural stability.

High-strength gypsum plaster is the correct answer because it is mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber to meet established standards. It is used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for both exteriors and interiors. This type of plaster is known for its high strength and is commonly used in areas where durability is required. It is different from other options such as lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster, prepared gypsum plaster, bonding plaster, and fibered gypsum plaster, as they do not specifically mention the high strength characteristic.

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Plaster of Paris is the correct answer because it is a type of gypsum plaster that is commonly used for ornamental plaster work and castings. It is a white powder that can be mixed with water to form a paste that hardens quickly. Plaster of Paris is known for its smooth finish and ability to capture fine details, making it ideal for creating intricate decorative pieces.

ASTM C331 is the correct answer because it defines the aggregates used in concrete masonry units. ASTM C200, ASTM C150, and ASTM C330 are not relevant to this specific topic.