Building Construction Part 2

Cantilever beams are supported at one end only, meaning they are fixed at one end and free at the other end. This allows them to extend horizontally without any additional support. Cantilever beams are commonly used in structures such as bridges, balconies, and diving boards, where one end needs to be unsupported or overhang a certain area.

The correct answer is "Floor." The floor is the level base surface of a room or hall upon which one stands or walks. It is the foundation of the room and provides support for furniture, people, and other objects. Joists, girders, and beams are all structural elements that are used to support the floor, but they are not the floor itself.

The given options are related to different stages of a building project. "Construction" is the correct answer as it encompasses the entire process of building, including site preparation, erection, assembly, and finishing operations. Architecture refers to the design and planning of the building, while erection specifically refers to the process of assembling the structure. Administration is not directly related to the physical construction process but rather involves the management and coordination of the project.

Masonry wall building blocks are bonded together with the use of mortar. Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water that is applied between the blocks to hold them together. It acts as a strong adhesive and provides stability to the structure. Unlike silicone, which is a sealant used for waterproofing and air sealing, mortar is specifically designed for masonry construction. Cement is the main ingredient in mortar, but it needs to be mixed with sand and water to create the right consistency for bonding the blocks. Stucco, on the other hand, is a plaster-like material used for finishing the exterior walls, not for bonding the blocks.

Reinforced Concrete Beams & Girders are designed to work in conjunction with longitudinal and web reinforcement to resist applied forces. This means that the concrete beam is strengthened and supported by additional steel reinforcement, allowing it to handle greater loads and provide structural stability. This type of construction is commonly used in building and infrastructure projects where a high level of strength and durability is required.

Shoring is the correct answer because it refers to the process of transferring a portion of the load of the wall to temporary footings. This is done when the excavation does not go much below the adjoining footings and when the material is fairly solid. Shoring provides temporary support to the structure during construction or repair, ensuring stability and safety. Scaffolding, footing, and deep foundation are not the correct answers as they do not specifically involve the process described in the question.

Polycarbonate is a type of thermoplastic that is known for its translucency, which makes it suitable for use in skylights. This material allows light to pass through while still providing durability and resistance to impact. Polycarbonate is often preferred over other options like polystyrene, PVC, or sheets because of its ability to withstand harsh weather conditions and its long lifespan.

Sapwood is the softer, younger outer portion of a tree that lies between the cambium and the heartwood. It is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the tree. It is lighter in color compared to the heartwood and is more susceptible to decay and insect attacks. As the tree grows, the sapwood eventually becomes heartwood.

Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads applied at the member ends. They are commonly used in construction to provide vertical support for buildings and other structures. Unlike beams, which primarily resist bending, columns are specifically designed to withstand compressive forces. Foundations, on the other hand, are structures that support the weight of the entire building or structure and are not typically considered slender members. Shafts, although they can be used to support loads, are not specifically designed for axial, compressive loads like columns. Therefore, the correct answer is columns.

Pressure treatment is the correct answer because it involves placing the wood in cylinders and pumping preservative into them under pressure. This method ensures that the preservative penetrates deep into the wood, providing effective protection against decay, insects, and other forms of damage. The pressure treatment method is commonly used for treating outdoor wood structures such as decks, fences, and utility poles.

The correct answer is "Hardwoods" because it is stated that "Most Philippine timber" belongs to this category. Hardwoods are known for their dense and durable nature, making them suitable for various applications such as furniture, flooring, and construction. Softwoods, on the other hand, are less dense and generally used for items like paper, packaging, and construction framing. Heartwoods and sapwoods refer to different parts of a tree, rather than types of timber.

A transit is a type of equipment used for surveying that allows surveyors to measure both horizontal and vertical angles. This enables them to obtain accurate land elevation measurements. Transits are commonly used in various surveying applications, including mapping, construction, and engineering projects. They are designed to provide precise and reliable measurements, making them an essential tool for surveyors in their work.

The drying process of wood stops when the vapor pressure in the air equals the vapor pressure on the wood surface. At this point, the wood is considered to be in a state of equilibrium moisture content. This means that the wood has reached a balance between the moisture it contains and the moisture in the surrounding air. The term "equilibrium moisture content" accurately describes this condition of dryness achieved by the wood.

Brass is not a ferrous metal because it is an alloy made primarily of copper and zinc, with small amounts of other metals. Ferrous metals are those that contain iron as the main element, whereas brass does not contain iron. Cast iron, mild steel, and wrought iron are all ferrous metals as they are primarily composed of iron.

Charrette is the correct answer because it is a term used in design education to refer to a small wooden cart used for collecting design work from students after a problem-solving process. The term originated in French and has since been adopted in design schools around the world. Chisel, Shahtoosh, and Chenille are unrelated to the given explanation and are therefore incorrect answers.

Dressed lumber refers to lumbers that have been surfaced with a planing machine in order to achieve a smooth surface and uniform size. This process helps to remove any roughness or irregularities from the lumber, making it more suitable for use in construction or woodworking projects. Unlike sun-dried or air-dried lumber, which are dried naturally, dressed lumber undergoes a mechanical process to enhance its appearance and quality. Dimension lumber, on the other hand, refers to lumber that has been cut to standard sizes, while dressed lumber specifically focuses on the surface smoothness and uniformity.

Stainless steel is produced by alloying with other metals, primarily chromium or nickel, to enhance its corrosion resistance. The addition of molybdenum further increases its resistance to corrosion, making it suitable for applications where maximum resistance is required.

Plastics are made from common substances such as coal, salt, natural gas, cotton, wood, and water. These substances are used to create monomers, which are simple chemicals. These monomers are then combined to form chainlike molecules called polymers. Plastics are considered high molecular weight polymers. Therefore, the correct answer is plastics.

Stiffener angles are used to reinforce plate girders against buckling. Buckling is a phenomenon where a structural member, such as a plate girder, fails under compressive loads. By attaching stiffener angles to the plate girders, the overall stability and strength of the structure is improved, preventing buckling from occurring. Stiffener angles act as additional support, distributing the load and reducing the risk of failure.

A spirit level is a levelling instrument that can be used to check both vertical and horizontal lines. It is a tool with a glass tube filled with liquid and a bubble inside. When the bubble is centered between two marked lines, it indicates that the surface is level. This makes it useful for various applications such as construction, carpentry, and surveying. In contrast, a level rule is a measuring tool, a surveyor's level is used for determining height differences, and a steel tape measure is used for measuring distances. Therefore, the correct answer is a spirit level, as it is the only option that fits the description of a levelling instrument capable of checking both vertical and horizontal lines.

Thermosetting plastics are sometimes called "thermocuring plastics" because they undergo a chemical reaction during the curing process that irreversibly sets their shape and structure. Unlike thermoplastics, which can be melted and reshaped multiple times, thermosetting plastics harden permanently when heated and cannot be melted again. This makes them ideal for applications that require durability and resistance to heat and chemicals, such as electrical insulation, automotive parts, and kitchenware.

A combined footing is a type of footing used when a single footing is not sufficient to support the load of an interior column. It is designed to support multiple columns or walls by extending the footing to cover a larger area. This type of footing is commonly used when the columns or walls are close together or have varying loads. By combining the loads from multiple columns or walls, the footing can distribute the weight more evenly and provide sufficient support for the structure.

Styrofoams are made from polystyrene. Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer that is commonly used in the production of foam materials. Styrofoam, which is a brand name for expanded polystyrene foam, is lightweight, durable, and has excellent insulation properties. It is widely used in packaging, construction, and food service industries. Polystyrene foam is formed by expanding polystyrene beads with the help of heat and pressure, resulting in a material with a closed-cell structure that provides excellent thermal insulation and cushioning.

Creosote is a commonly used preservative that is applied on various wooden structures such as railway ties, mine timbers, poles, foundation piles, marine piles, and bulkheads. It helps protect the wood from decay, insect damage, and fungal growth, extending the lifespan of these structures. Creosote is known for its effectiveness and durability, making it a popular choice for preserving wood in outdoor and marine environments.

Bow refers to a distortion of the board in which the face is convex or concave longitudinally. This means that the board is curved either inward or outward along its length. This can happen due to various factors such as moisture, temperature changes, or improper storage. Bowing can affect the stability and performance of the board, making it important to address and correct this issue.

A scheme refers to a chart, diagram, or outline of a system being proposed in projects. It provides a visual representation of the proposed system, allowing stakeholders to understand its structure and components. Schemes are often used in project planning and design to communicate ideas and concepts effectively. They help in visualizing the overall system and its various elements, aiding in decision-making and implementation.

Quartersawing refers to cutting wood with the annual growth rings at an angle of 45 to 90 degrees. This method produces boards with a straight grain pattern and a distinctive "quarter-sawn" appearance, where the growth rings are visible as straight lines on the face of the board. Quartersawn wood is known for its stability and resistance to warping, making it a popular choice for furniture and flooring.

Acrylic is the correct answer because it is a type of plastic that is commonly used in various applications, including the manufacturing of popular brands such as LUCITE and PLEXIGLASS. Acrylic is known for its transparency, durability, and versatility, making it a popular choice in industries such as construction, automotive, and furniture. It is often used as a substitute for glass due to its lightweight nature and resistance to shattering.

Shakes are cracks that occur between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth. They are caused by the separation of the wood fibers along the grain, usually due to stress or drying. Shakes can weaken the structural integrity of the wood and may affect its appearance.

Lally columns are fabricated steel pipes that are provided with flat shell plates which hold a girder or girt. These columns are filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. This process is known as the float glass process. The molten glass spreads out evenly on the surface of the tin, resulting in a smooth and uniform sheet of glass. This method is widely used in the production of flat glass, such as windows and mirrors, due to its ability to produce high-quality glass with consistent thickness and clarity.

Caisson foundations are a type of deep foundation that involve drilling or digging a hole through inadequate soil and then filling it with concrete. This method is commonly used when the soil conditions are not suitable for traditional shallow foundations. Caisson foundations provide a stable and strong support system for structures, as the concrete-filled hole acts as a column to transfer the load to deeper, more stable layers of soil or rock.

Cement bags should be stored on wood floors elevated at least 300mm from the ground to protect them from dampness. This elevation helps to prevent moisture from seeping into the bags, which can cause the cement to harden or clump. By storing the bags on an elevated surface, the cement remains dry and usable for longer periods of time.

ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) is a widely used thermoplastic in the injection molding process. It is commonly used in the manufacturing of appliances, furniture, and automotive parts due to its excellent mechanical properties, impact resistance, and heat resistance. ABS is also known for its high rigidity, good dimensional stability, and ability to be easily molded and processed. These characteristics make ABS a popular choice in various industries where durability and strength are required.

The given lumber has a thickness of 1", a length of 48", and a width of 12". To compute for the board feet, we need to multiply these dimensions together and divide by 144 (since 144 cubic inches is equal to 1 board foot). Multiplying 1" x 48" x 12" gives us 576 cubic inches. Dividing this by 144 gives us 4 board feet.

The correct answer is Box Girder. A box girder is a type of girder that is commonly used in the construction of bridges, including flyovers. It consists of a hollow rectangular or square-shaped structure, which provides strength and stability. The box girder design allows for a high load-carrying capacity while minimizing the weight of the structure. It is often used in projects where long spans and high strength are required.

Guililan is the correct answer because it is a term used in structural engineering to refer to a large, principal beam that is designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length. This type of beam is commonly used in construction to provide structural support in buildings and other structures. Soleras, Biga, and Hamba are not relevant terms in this context.

The given information states that the items in question are usually made of acrylate, polyester, or polystyrene plastics and have thicknesses ranging from 1.5mm to 2.38mm. Based on this description, the most appropriate answer would be "Sheets," as these are commonly made of plastic materials and can have varying thicknesses within the given range.

Nylon is the correct answer because it is a type of linear polyamide polymer. Nylon is known for its high strength, durability, and resistance to abrasion, making it suitable for various applications such as textiles, automotive parts, and engineering plastics. It was first developed as a synthetic replacement for silk and has since become widely used in various industries.

The Great Wall of China is approximately 2,400 km long. It is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials. It was built to protect China from invasions and raids by various nomadic groups. The construction of the wall started in the 7th century BC and continued for several centuries. Today, it is one of the most famous landmarks in the world and a popular tourist attraction.

Board lumber refers to a class of lumber that is typically 2" thick and at least 8" wide. This type of lumber is commonly used for various woodworking projects, construction, and furniture making. It is characterized by its thickness and width, making it suitable for a wide range of applications that require sturdy and durable material.

Creosote Solutions is the correct answer because it is a type of wood preservative that contains a mixture of coal-tar or petroleum oils and 50 to 80% by volume of coal-tar creosotes. This solution is commonly used to treat wood and protect it from decay and insect damage.

Cellulosics are primarily cellulose acetates or butyrate, which are commonly used for paints, lacquers, and transparent sheeting. Cellulosics are a type of polymer derived from cellulose, a natural compound found in plants. They are known for their excellent film-forming properties and transparency, making them suitable for applications where a clear and protective coating is desired. Cellulosics are widely used in the manufacturing of paints, lacquers, and transparent sheeting due to their versatility and effectiveness in providing a durable and glossy finish.

A radial arm saw is the correct answer because it is a type of power saw that has a saw blade placed upside down. In a radial arm saw, the blade is mounted on a horizontal arm that can be moved along a track, allowing the user to make accurate crosscuts and rip cuts. This design feature of having the blade positioned upside down makes it easier to see and control the cutting process. Table saws, power miter saws, and saber saws do not have their blades placed upside down, making them incorrect choices.

The Statue of Liberty is 92 meters tall.

Ziegler Polyethylene is a suitable answer because it is known for its hard, strong, tough, and rigid properties. This thermoplastic is commonly used in both household and industrial applications due to its durability and resistance to impact and chemicals. It is a high-density polyethylene that is produced using the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, which allows for precise control over the polymerization process and results in a more uniform and higher quality product.

A field order is a written request for clarification or a minor change in construction work that does not require any adjustment to the terms of the contract. It is typically used to address small issues or provide additional instructions during the construction process. Unlike a change order, which involves a significant adjustment to the contract, a field order is a more informal and less complex document. An addendum, on the other hand, is an attachment or addition to the contract that typically involves more substantial changes. "Parti" is not a relevant term in this context.

Acrylic is not a thermosetting plastic because it is a thermoplastic. Thermosetting plastics, such as alkyds, epoxy, and silicones, undergo a chemical reaction during curing, which makes them hard and rigid. In contrast, acrylic is a type of thermoplastic that can be melted and re-molded multiple times without undergoing any chemical change.

Silicones are used for clear, water repellant paints for concrete and masonry surfaces above grade. This is because silicones have excellent water repellency properties and can form a protective barrier on the surface, preventing water penetration. Additionally, silicones have good adhesion to various substrates, including concrete and masonry, making them suitable for use in paints for these surfaces.