ICM Patient With Hypertension

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  • 1/7 Questions

    Mrs. Gonzales is a 31 year old Hispanic female at 34 weeks gestation who presents to labor and delivery with complaints of a frontal headache and blurred vision.   She has  a blood pressure of 150/98, generalized edema, and 4+ proteinuria.  The most likely cause of her clinical situation is:

    • Conn’s syndrome
    • Transient hypertension of pregnancy
    • Eclampsia
    • Benign hypertension
    • Pre-eclampsia
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About This Quiz

Welcome to another medical quiz, folks, where today we’ll be talking about hypertension - the medical term given for when a patient presents with blood pressure that is higher than it should be. What do you know about the condition and what its effects are? Let’s take a look.

ICM Patient With Hypertension - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    A 45 year old female presented to her family physician with obesity, abdominal striae, headache, and a blood pressure of 160/110 mmHg. Which of the following might you find on further evaluation which would indicate that she has a specific named form of secondary hypertension.

    • A moon face appearance and optic atrophy

    • Microaneurysms on fundoscopy & Microalbuminurea on urine testing

    • Weak femoral pulses

    • A Renal bruit on abdominal auscultation

    • A diastolic murmur on auscultation over the aortic area.

    Correct Answer
    A. A moon face appearance and optic atrophy
    Explanation
    STRETCH MARKS or STRIAE, as they are called in dermatology, are a form of scarring on the skin with an off-color hue. They are caused by tearing of the dermis, which over time may diminish, but will not disappear completely.
    The GLUCOCORTICOID hormones responsible for the development of stretch marks affect the dermis by preventing the fibroblasts from forming collagen and elastin fibers, necessary to keep rapidly growing skin taut. This creates a lack of supportive material, as the skin is stretched and leads to dermal and epidermal tearing.

    Cushing's disease refers to a pituitary-dependent cause of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH, causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels of cortisol. It is the most common non-iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome, responsible for 70% of cases excluding glucocorticoid related cases.
    Other signs include polyuria (and accompanying polydipsia), persistent hypertension (due to cortisol's enhancement of epinephrine's vasoconstrictive effect) and insulin resistance (especially common in ectopic ACTH production), leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to heart disease and increased mortality.

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  • 3. 

    Your 55-year old Caucasian male patient comes to the office for a blood pressure check.  You have noticed an increasing trend over the last several years.  Three years ago his systolic blood pressure was 120 mmHg.  Since that time he has gained weight (BMI 40) and has been under considerable stress from work and a recent divorce.  Today his blood pressure is 140/90 which is consistent with two previous readings this year. He has no clinical symptoms except for occasional tension type headaches. Of the following choices, which are true?
    1. He has not increased his cardiovascular risks due to the short time span
    2. He has increased is cardiovascular risks by two fold
    3. One would expect Kerley B lines on his chest x-ray
    4. One would expect copper wiring on his eye exam
    5. He has class 2 hypertension based on the JNC 7 guidelines

    • 1, 4, 5

    • 2, 4, 5

    • 1, 3, 5

    • 2, 4

    Correct Answer
    A. 2, 4
    Explanation
    http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kerley_b_lines.jpg/478px-Kerley_b_lines.jpg


    Kerley lines are a sign seen on chest radiographs with interstitial pulmonary edema. They are thin linear pulmonary opacities caused by fluid or cellular infiltration into the interstitium of the lungs.
    They are suggestive for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure, but are also seen in various non-cardiac conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial deposition of heavy metal particles or carcinomatosis of the lung. Chronic Kerley B lines may be caused by fibrosis or hemosiderin deposition caused by recurrent pulmonary oedema.
    Kerley B lines
     These are short parallel lines at the lung periphery. These lines represent interlobular septa, which are usually less than 1 cm in length and parallel to one another at right angles to the pleura. They are located peripherally in contact with the pleura, but are generally absent along fissural surfaces. They may be seen in any zone but are most frequently observed at the lung bases at the costophrenic angles on the PA radiograph, and in the substernal region on lateral radiographs. Kerley B lines are seen in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD).

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  • 4. 

    Which of the following microscopic changes can most likely be found in the kidneys of a patient with sudden and unexpected BP elevation to 210/160 mm Hg and bilateral papilledema?

    • Atherosclerotic plaques in the renal artery and its major branches

    • Circular hyaline deposits in the wall of arterioles and small arteries

    • Fibrinoid necrosis of the afferent and intraglomerular arterioles

    • Amyloid deposits in the vascular wall and interstitium

    Correct Answer
    A. Fibrinoid necrosis of the afferent and intraglomerular arterioles
    Explanation
    Fibrinoid necrosis
    1. Necrotic damage to blood vessel wall
    2. Leaking of proteins (including fibrin) into vessel wall results in bright pink
    staining of the wall microscopically
    3. Characteristic of malignant hypertension and vasculitis

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  • 5. 

    A 42-year-old woman with chronic benign hypertension has an abdominal ultrasound that shows her left kidney is much smaller than the right one.  What is the most likely etiology of her hypertension?

    • Renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia

    • Conn syndrome

    • Idiopathic (essential) hypertension

    • Renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia
    Explanation
    Atherosclerosis is the predominant cause of renal artery stenosis in the majority of patients, usually those with a sudden onset of hypertension at age 50 or older.

    Fibromuscular dysplasia is the predominant cause in young patients, usually females under 40 years of age. A variety of other causes exist. These include arteritis, renal artery aneurysm, extrinsic compression (e.g., neoplasms), neurofibromatosis, and fibrous bands.

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  • 6. 

    Hypertension affects the heart in each of the following ways except:

    • By causing concentric LVH

    • It increases to risk of arrhythmias especially for atrial fibrillation

    • It may dilate the aorta leading to aortic regurgitation

    • It produces pericardial damage and Pericarditis

    • It is an important cause of diastolic dysfunction & diastolic heart failure

    Correct Answer
    A. It produces pericardial damage and Pericarditis
    Explanation
    Hypertension affects the heart in various ways, including causing concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), increasing the risk of arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, dilating the aorta leading to aortic regurgitation, and being an important cause of diastolic dysfunction and diastolic heart failure. However, it does not directly produce pericardial damage and pericarditis.

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  • 7. 

    Miss Silverton is a 37-year-old female who presents with truncal obesity, purple striae on her abdomen and an elevated ACTH.  Her blood pressure is 160/95.  The most likely cause of her hypertension is:

    • Increased ACTH production by an adrenal tumor

    • Increased ACTH production because of adrenal hyperplasia

    • Increased ACTH production due to coarctation of the aorta

    • Increased pituitary ACTH production

    • Increased ACTH production due to renal artery stenosis

    • Conn’s syndrome

    • Use of hormonal contraceptives

    Correct Answer
    A. Increased pituitary ACTH production
    Explanation
    Cushing's disease refers to a pituitary-dependent cause of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH, causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels of cortisol. It is the most common non-iatrogenic cause of Cushing's syndrome, responsible for 70% of cases excluding glucocorticoid related cases.

    Conn's syndrome is an aldosterone-producing adenoma.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jul 14, 2012
    Quiz Created by
    Chachelly
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