Block 1 Mini 1 Pt 2 Placenta Dr Kalli
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- 1.
The absence of a ventral double-fold of coelomic membrane connecting the heart to the ventral body wall (a ventral mesocardium) is a result of
- A.
Degeneration of this mesentery
- B.
Formation of the pericardiopleural canals
- C.
Formation of the pleuroperitoneal canals
- D.
Absence of a ventral mesentery on the ventral body wall below the ligamentum teres
- E.
A bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heart
Correct Answer
E. A bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heartExplanation
The absence of a ventral double-fold of coelomic membrane connecting the heart to the ventral body wall (a ventral mesocardium) is a result of a bilateral connection of the early intraembryonic coelom rostral to the developing heart.Rate this question:
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- 2.
After the twentieth week of gestation, a thinned vasculosyncytial placental membrane is formed consisting of the following three layers:
- A.
Syncytiotrophoblast – cytotrophoblast – fetal capillary endothelium
- B.
Maternal capillary endothelium - syncytiotrophoblast – fetal capillary epithelium
- C.
Syncytiotrophoblast – connective tissue of the villus – fetal capillary endothelium
- D.
Connective tissue of the villus – syncytiotrophoblast - maternal capillary endothelium
- E.
Maternal capillary endothelium – syncytiotrophoblast – cytotrophoblas
Correct Answer
C. Syncytiotrophoblast – connective tissue of the villus – fetal capillary endotheliumExplanation
After the twentieth week of gestation, the placental membrane becomes thinned and consists of three layers. The correct answer states that the layers are syncytiotrophoblast, connective tissue of the villus, and fetal capillary endothelium. This arrangement is accurate because the syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the placental membrane, followed by the connective tissue of the villus, which provides support and structure. Finally, the fetal capillary endothelium is the innermost layer, responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal and fetal blood.Rate this question:
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- 3.
A 37-year-old women in the fourth month of pregnancy is diagnosed with aggressive ovarian cancer. Her physician advises immediate surgery to remove her ovaries. The woman wants to deliver her baby and has read on the internet that she will have an abortion if her ovaries are removed. She comes to your office for a second opinion. You recommend that
- A.
She postpone the surgery until after the birth of her child
- B.
She postpone the surgery until the third trimester of her pregnancy
- C.
She immediately have the surgery with post-operative progesterone supplements
- D.
She immediately have the surgery with estrogen supplements
- E.
She immediately have the surgery with no hormonal steroid supplements
Correct Answer
E. She immediately have the surgery with no hormonal steroid supplementsExplanation
The correct answer is that the woman should immediately have the surgery with no hormonal steroid supplements. This is because ovarian cancer is an aggressive form of cancer that requires prompt treatment. Delaying the surgery until after the birth of the child or until the third trimester of pregnancy could significantly increase the risk to both the mother and the baby. Additionally, hormonal steroid supplements are not necessary for the surgery and may not be safe for the woman or the developing fetus.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Ectopia cordis or Pentalogy of Cantrell is a congenital malformation of the anterior body wall that includes a defect of the lower sternum, a deficient anterior diaphragm, and a heart that lies outside the chest. This condition is primarily a defect in what embryological process?
- A.
Formation of the intraembryonic coelom
- B.
Lateral folding
- C.
Formation of the intermediate mesoderm
- D.
Longitudinal folding
- E.
Formation of the head fold
Correct Answer
B. Lateral foldingExplanation
Lateral folding is the correct answer because ectopia cordis or Pentalogy of Cantrell is a congenital malformation of the anterior body wall that occurs during the process of lateral folding in embryological development. During lateral folding, the embryo's sides fold towards the midline, resulting in the formation of the body wall and the positioning of organs within the body cavity. In the case of ectopia cordis, the failure of proper lateral folding leads to the heart being positioned outside the chest.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Through which blood vessel does the most oxygenated blood flow to supply the fetus?
- A.
Umbilical artery
- B.
Pulmonary artery
- C.
Aorta
- D.
Femoral artery
- E.
Internal carotid artery
Correct Answer
C. AortaExplanation
The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. In the case of a fetus, the aorta is responsible for supplying the most oxygenated blood to the developing baby. This is because the aorta directly connects to the placenta, which is responsible for exchanging oxygen and nutrients between the mother and the fetus. Therefore, the aorta plays a crucial role in ensuring that the fetus receives the necessary oxygen for growth and development.Rate this question:
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- 6.
During Stage 3 of labor, the placenta separates at which layer from the uterus?
- A.
Spongy layer of the decidua basalis
- B.
At the chorionic plate
- C.
Between the chorion and the amnion
- D.
Between the smooth chorion (chorion leave) and the decidua parietalis
- E.
At the umbilical cord
Correct Answer
A. Spongy layer of the decidua basalisExplanation
During Stage 3 of labor, the placenta separates at the spongy layer of the decidua basalis from the uterus. This layer is located between the smooth chorion (chorion leave) and the decidua parietalis. It is at this layer that the placenta detaches from the uterine wall and is expelled from the body.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which hormone is first produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the early placenta to maintain the viability of the corpus luteum?
- A.
Progesterone
- B.
Relaxin
- C.
Human chorionic gonadotropin
- D.
Ectoderm
- E.
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Correct Answer
C. Human chorionic gonadotropinExplanation
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone first produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the early placenta to maintain the viability of the corpus luteum. This hormone is crucial in the early stages of pregnancy as it stimulates the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the uterine lining and supporting the pregnancy. Therefore, hCG plays a vital role in ensuring the continued production of progesterone, which is necessary for the viability of the developing embryo.Rate this question:
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- 8.
During the final stages of fetal development (5 months to term) the placental barrier is composed of
- A.
Syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial of fetal capillaries
- B.
Cytotrophoblast and endothelial of fetal capillaries
- C.
Syncytiotrbphoblast, cytotrophoblast, mesenchyme and endothelial of fetal capillaries
- D.
Decidua basalis, syncytiotrophchlast and cytotrophoblast
- E.
Decidua parietalis and chorionic frondosum
Correct Answer
A. Syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial of fetal capillariesExplanation
During the final stages of fetal development, the placental barrier is composed of syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells of fetal capillaries. Syncytiotrophoblast is a layer of cells that forms the outermost layer of the placenta and plays a crucial role in nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and the fetus. Endothelial cells of fetal capillaries are responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the fetus, as well as removing waste products from the fetal circulation. Together, these two components form the barrier that allows for the exchange of substances between the maternal and fetal circulations.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which one of the following substances crosses the placental barrier?
- A.
IgA
- B.
Hormones from the pituitary gland
- C.
Maternal cholesterol
- D.
IgG
- E.
Maternal phospholipids
Correct Answer
D. IgGExplanation
IgG is the correct answer because it is the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placental barrier. This allows the transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus, providing passive immunity to the newborn. IgA, hormones from the pituitary gland, maternal cholesterol, and maternal phospholipids do not cross the placental barrier.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following structures gives rise to the umbilical arteries and vein?
- A.
The allantois
- B.
The yolk sac
- C.
Chorion
- D.
The chorion frondosum
- E.
Amnion
Correct Answer
A. The allantoisExplanation
The allantois gives rise to the umbilical arteries and vein. The allantois is a structure that develops during embryonic development and is responsible for waste disposal and gas exchange. It connects the developing embryo to the placenta and eventually forms the umbilical cord. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta, while the umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. Therefore, the allantois is the correct answer as it is directly involved in the formation of the umbilical arteries and vein.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Most drugs taken during early pregnancy are transported across the placental barrier primarily by:
- A.
Phagocytosis
- B.
Simple diffusion
- C.
Facilitated diffusion
- D.
Active transport
- E.
Pinocytosis
Correct Answer
B. Simple diffusionExplanation
During early pregnancy, the placental barrier is not fully developed, allowing substances to pass through easily. Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Since drugs are small molecules, they can passively diffuse across the placental barrier without the need for any specific transport mechanism. Therefore, simple diffusion is the primary method by which most drugs are transported across the placenta during early pregnancy.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which of the following substances DOES NOT cross the placental barrier?
- A.
Cortisol – a steroidal hormone
- B.
Triglycerides
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
Glucose
- E.
IgG
Correct Answer
B. TriglyceridesExplanation
Triglycerides do not cross the placental barrier because they are too large and cannot pass through the small pores of the placenta. The placenta selectively allows certain substances to pass through to the fetus, such as glucose, amino acids, and IgG antibodies, which are important for fetal development and immunity. Cortisol, a steroidal hormone, can also cross the placental barrier as it is necessary for fetal lung development. However, triglycerides, which are large fat molecules, are unable to pass through the placenta and therefore do not cross to the fetus.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following cell types is involved in the production of placental estrogen?
- A.
Decidua basalis
- B.
Cytotrophoblast cells
- C.
Yolk sac cells
- D.
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
- E.
Syncytiotrophoblast
Correct Answer
E. SyncytiotrophoblastExplanation
Syncytiotrophoblast is the correct answer because it is a specialized layer of cells that form the outermost layer of the placenta. These cells play a crucial role in the production of placental estrogen, which is important for maintaining pregnancy and supporting fetal development. The syncytiotrophoblast cells have the ability to convert cholesterol into estrogen, and they also produce other hormones necessary for pregnancy.Rate this question:
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Mar 20, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Dec 09, 2011Quiz Created by
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