Bioscience I - Quiz 1

During spontaneous ventilation, the gradients for gas exchange are created by changes in intrathoracic pressure. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, it causes changes in the volume of the thoracic cavity, leading to changes in intrathoracic pressure. These pressure changes result in the movement of air in and out of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange. Intermittent positive pressure in the airway, on the other hand, is associated with positive pressure ventilation, not spontaneous ventilation. Diaphragmatic relaxation is not directly involved in creating the gradients for gas exchange.

Inhalational agents do not necessarily result in slow, deep breaths during anesthesia. The effect of these agents on the respiratory pattern can vary depending on the specific agent used and the individual patient. Some inhalational agents may cause respiratory depression, leading to shallow and slow breaths, while others may have minimal impact on the respiratory pattern. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that inhalational agents always result in slow, deep breaths during anesthesia.

The medulla is responsible for controlling the basic respiratory rhythm. It contains the respiratory centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing. These centers receive input from various sources such as chemoreceptors and stretch receptors, and then send signals to the muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The medulla plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels by adjusting the respiratory rate and depth as needed.

The correct answer is pH 7.20 CO2 60 HCO3 26. This ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) result indicates respiratory acidosis, which is commonly seen in patients with severe pneumonia. The low pH and high CO2 levels suggest that the patient is retaining carbon dioxide due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs. The HCO3 level is within the normal range, indicating that the kidneys are compensating for the respiratory acidosis by retaining bicarbonate.

The given ABG values indicate a low pH (7.28) and a low bicarbonate (HCO3) level (19), which suggests a metabolic acidosis. In metabolic acidosis, there is an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate in the body, leading to a decrease in the pH. The CO2 level (41) is within the normal range, indicating that the respiratory system is not the primary cause of the acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolic acidosis.

FEV1 and FVC are effort-dependent measures, meaning that they require the individual to put in effort during the test in order to obtain accurate results. On the other hand, forced midexpiratory flow is independent of effort, meaning that it can be measured accurately without the individual needing to exert any additional effort.

The FEV1/FVC ratio is a measure of lung function, specifically the amount of air a person can exhale forcefully in one second (FEV1) compared to the total amount of air exhaled (FVC). A normal ratio indicates healthy lung function. A ratio of 80% or greater means that at least 80% of the total air exhaled is expelled within the first second. This suggests that the person has good lung function and is able to exhale a significant amount of air quickly.

Anatomic Dead Space refers to the portion of the respiratory system where gases are present but not involved in gas exchange. It includes the airways such as the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, where no gas exchange occurs. This dead space is important for the conditioning of inhaled air, but it does not contribute to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

Fentanyl would be considered safe to give to an asthmatic patient. Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic that is commonly used for pain management. Unlike aspirin, morphine, and atracurium, fentanyl does not have any known bronchoconstrictive effects, which makes it a suitable choice for asthmatic patients who may have hypersensitivity to certain medications. Fentanyl can effectively provide pain relief without exacerbating respiratory symptoms in asthmatic individuals.

Cushing's disease is not likely to cause metabolic acidosis because it is a condition characterized by excessive production of cortisol, a hormone that increases blood sugar levels. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an accumulation of acid or a loss of bicarbonate in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Shock, renal failure, and diabetic acidosis can all potentially cause metabolic acidosis through different mechanisms, such as impaired tissue perfusion, impaired kidney function, and increased production of ketones in diabetes, respectively. However, Cushing's disease does not directly affect acid-base balance in a way that would lead to metabolic acidosis.

The given ABG values show a pH of 7.35, which is slightly below the normal range (7.35-7.45). The CO2 level is elevated at 54, indicating respiratory acidosis. However, the HCO3 level is within the normal range at 30, suggesting compensation for the acidosis. This indicates that the body is attempting to correct the respiratory acidosis by retaining bicarbonate. Therefore, the correct answer is "Compensated Respiratory Acidosis."

The given ABG values indicate a pH of 7.49, CO2 of 30, and HCO3 of 18. These values suggest a respiratory alkalosis as the pH is higher than the normal range (7.35-7.45) and the CO2 is lower than the normal range (35-45). The HCO3 level is within the normal range, indicating partial compensation. Therefore, the correct answer is partially compensated respiratory alkalosis.

Smoking should be discontinued 6-8 weeks prior to surgery because smoking can have negative effects on the body's ability to heal and recover after surgery. Smoking can impair blood circulation, decrease oxygen levels, and increase the risk of complications during and after surgery. By quitting smoking several weeks before the surgery, the body has a better chance of recovering and healing properly.

The pharynx serves as a conduit for air and food, allowing them to pass from the mouth to the esophagus or trachea. It also acts as a resonating chamber for speech sounds, helping to produce and modify sound waves produced by the vocal cords. This explanation highlights the main functions of the pharynx without explicitly stating that it is the correct answer.

The size of alveoli is influenced by both gravity and lung volume. When a person is in an upright position, the largest alveoli are found at the bases of the lungs due to the effect of gravity. Additionally, as lung volume increases, the size of the alveoli also increases. This is because the expansion of the lungs stretches the alveoli, allowing for more surface area for gas exchange. Therefore, the size of alveoli is indeed a function of both gravity and lung volume.

Vagal activity refers to the stimulation of the vagus nerve, which plays a role in controlling various bodily functions. In the lungs, vagal activity can cause bronchoconstriction, which is the narrowing of the airways. This constriction can lead to difficulty in breathing. Additionally, vagal activity can also increase secretions in the lungs, such as mucus production. Therefore, the correct answer is "Constriction, Increases".

A patient with COPD would have a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio and resistance to airflow. This is because COPD is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation due to the narrowing of the airways and destruction of the lung tissue. The decreased FEV1/FVC ratio indicates the reduced ability to exhale air forcefully, while resistance to airflow suggests the difficulty in moving air in and out of the lungs. These are key features of COPD and help differentiate it from other respiratory conditions.

Chronic Intrinsic Pulmonary disorders are characterized by an insidious onset, chronic inflammation of alveolar walls, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. This means that the disorder develops gradually over time, leading to inflammation and scarring of the alveolar walls in the lungs, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis. This can result in reduced lung function and difficulty breathing. The other options mentioned in the question, such as chronic productive cough, increases in FRC, RV, and TLC, and recurrent episodes of wheezing and breathlessness, may be associated with other respiratory conditions, but they are not specific to chronic intrinsic pulmonary disorders.

The correct answer is pH 7.62, CO2 45, HCO3 33. In a patient with severe vomiting who has been NG suctioned for 3 days, metabolic alkalosis is expected. This is indicated by the elevated pH and HCO3 levels. The elevated CO2 level suggests compensation by the respiratory system, as the body tries to increase CO2 levels to counteract the alkalosis. Therefore, this ABG result is consistent with the expected findings in this clinical scenario.

In septic shock, the body's response to infection leads to a decrease in blood pressure and tissue perfusion. This can result in anaerobic metabolism and the production of lactic acid, leading to metabolic acidosis. The ABG with a pH of 7.18, CO2 of 35, and HCO3 of 15 indicates acidosis, with a low pH and low bicarbonate levels. The other options have either normal or alkaline pH and higher bicarbonate levels, which would not be expected in septic shock.

Pre-oxygenating a patient prior to induction is done to increase their oxygen stores. This is important because during induction and intubation, there is a risk of oxygen desaturation due to the interruption of normal ventilation. By increasing the patient's oxygen stores beforehand, we can prolong the time it takes for oxygen saturation to drop to critical levels, allowing for safer intubation and reducing the risk of hypoxia.

Elevated levels of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin are directly related to smoking. Smoking introduces carbon monoxide into the bloodstream, which binds to hemoglobin and forms carboxyhemoglobin. Methemoglobin is also increased due to the toxic chemicals present in tobacco smoke. Therefore, smoking is the main cause of elevated levels of these substances in the body.

During surgery for a patient with radiation pneumonitis, it is important to keep the inspired FiO2 to a minimum (30%) or less. This is because high levels of oxygen can increase the risk of oxygen toxicity and further damage the already compromised lung tissue. The patient may already have impaired lung function due to radiation and chemotherapy, so minimizing the amount of oxygen delivered during the procedure is crucial to prevent further harm.

The arytenoid cartilage is attached to the posterior ends of the vocal cords and serves as their focal point for movement. It is responsible for controlling the tension and position of the vocal cords, allowing for changes in pitch and voice production. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. The periglottic cartilage is not a specific cartilage structure in the larynx. The corniculate cartilages are small, horn-shaped cartilages located on top of the arytenoid cartilages, assisting in closing the glottis during swallowing and producing sound.

As the bronchial branching becomes more extensive in the bronchial tree, the epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated to simple cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles. This change in epithelium is due to the decrease in the amount of cartilage and smooth muscle present in the smaller airways. The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium is found in the larger bronchi and helps to move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. In the terminal bronchioles, which are smaller and have less need for mucus clearance, the epithelium transitions to simple cuboidal, which is better suited for gas exchange.

General anesthesia reduces both oxygen (O2) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) production by approximately 15% each. This means that under general anesthesia, the body's cellular metabolism slows down, resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide produced. This is important because it helps to maintain a stable balance of gases in the body and ensures proper functioning of various organs and systems.

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath. It is influenced by factors such as height, weight, age, and gender. In general, males tend to have a higher vital capacity than females. However, the given question does not provide the age of the female, which can also affect vital capacity. Therefore, without additional information, it is difficult to determine the exact normal vital capacity for a female who is 5'4" and 60 kg.

Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by the presence of a chronic productive cough most days of the month. This means that the individual experiences a cough that produces mucus consistently throughout the month. This symptom is one of the defining features of chronic bronchitis, along with other symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. The other options provided in the question do not accurately describe the characteristic symptom of chronic bronchitis.

The appropriate tidal volume for a patient with ARDS is typically lower than normal to prevent further lung injury. A tidal volume of 360 mL would be more appropriate than 600 mL in this case. Additionally, a higher respiratory rate is often necessary to maintain adequate ventilation in patients with ARDS. Therefore, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute would be more appropriate than 14, 10, or 12 breaths per minute.

A pH of 7.29 indicates acidosis, which causes a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. A PaCO2 of 60 indicates respiratory acidosis, further contributing to the right shift. A decrease in affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen means that hemoglobin will release oxygen more readily to the tissues, which is necessary in the presence of acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is "Shift to Right and decrease affinity of Hgb for O2."

The metabolic functions of the lungs include surfactant synthesis, conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2, and infection control. However, inhibition of phosphodiesterase is not a metabolic function of the lungs. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic nucleotides, and its inhibition can have various effects on the body, but it is not directly related to the metabolic functions of the lungs.

During an asthma attack, there is resistance to gas flow at all levels of the lower airway. This means that the airways become narrowed and constricted, making it difficult for air to pass through. This resistance occurs in various parts of the lower airway, including the bronchioles, alveoli, and main stem bronchi. This narrowing of the airways is caused by inflammation, muscle constriction, and excessive mucus production, all of which contribute to the increased resistance to gas flow.

Severe diarrhea is not likely to cause metabolic alkalosis because it leads to excessive loss of bicarbonate, which is an alkaline substance. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when there is an excess of bicarbonate in the blood, causing an increase in pH. Therefore, severe diarrhea, which causes a decrease in bicarbonate levels, would not result in metabolic alkalosis.

The given ABG values show a pH of 7.45, which is within the normal range. The CO2 level is 55, indicating respiratory acidosis, but the HCO3 level is 32, indicating metabolic alkalosis. Since both the respiratory and metabolic components are abnormal, and the pH is within the normal range, this suggests compensation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Compensated metabolic alkalosis."

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is dependent on factors such as body habitus (physical build), respiratory muscle strength, and chest-lung compliance (the ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and contract). However, gender does not have a significant impact on vital capacity. While there may be slight differences between males and females due to variations in body size and lung volumes, gender alone does not determine vital capacity.

The correct answer is "Increases in FRC, RV, and TLC as well as pursed lip breathing." Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs. This leads to an increase in functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC). Pursed lip breathing is a compensatory mechanism used by individuals with emphysema to prolong expiration and prevent air trapping. These features are specific to emphysema and help differentiate it from other respiratory conditions.

Diabetic acidosis is not likely to cause respiratory acidosis because it is a metabolic condition rather than a respiratory condition. Diabetic acidosis occurs when there is a buildup of ketones in the blood due to uncontrolled diabetes. This leads to a decrease in blood pH, causing metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood due to respiratory dysfunction. Therefore, diabetic acidosis is not likely to directly cause respiratory acidosis.

The pleural membranes consist of two layers: the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. The parietal pleura lines the inner surface of the chest wall and the diaphragm, while the visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs. Together, these two layers form a protective sac around the lungs, allowing them to move smoothly during breathing while also providing lubrication. The surfactant, on the other hand, is a substance produced by the lungs that helps reduce surface tension and prevents the collapse of the alveoli. However, it is not a layer of serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs.

Both lungs contain a hilus. The hilus is a region on each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit. It is located on the medial side of each lung and serves as a point of connection between the lung and other structures in the thoracic cavity. Therefore, both the right and left lungs have a hilus.

Placing the patient in an upright position will decrease pulmonary blood volume. When the patient is upright, gravity causes blood to pool in the lower extremities, reducing the amount of blood returning to the heart. This, in turn, decreases the amount of blood that is pumped to the lungs, resulting in a decrease in pulmonary blood volume.

Increased 2,3-DPG levels will not shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left. 2,3-DPG is a molecule that binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for oxygen. When 2,3-DPG levels are increased, hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, causing it to release oxygen more readily to the tissues. This shift to the right in the dissociation curve allows for increased oxygen unloading at the tissues, which is beneficial in situations such as exercise or high altitude.

The patient is showing signs of bronchospasm, which is indicated by wheezing, increased PIP, decreased exhaled volume, and rising capnograph. This is a common complication in patients with a history of asthma. Increasing the depth of anesthesia by turning up the Sevo (sevoflurane) can help relax the bronchial smooth muscles and alleviate the bronchospasm. Administering albuterol, a bronchodilator, may also be appropriate, but turning up the Sevo is a more immediate action to address the bronchospasm. Informing the surgeon about malignant hyperthermia is incorrect, as the symptoms described do not align with that condition. Giving IV hydrocortisone and glyco is not indicated for bronchospasm.

Pre-oxygenation should not be avoided due to the hypoxic respiratory drive of the COPD patient. In fact, pre-oxygenation is an important step in the management of a patient with COPD. It helps to increase the oxygen reserve in the patient's body before any procedure or surgery, reducing the risk of hypoxemia during the procedure. By providing supplemental oxygen, pre-oxygenation can help maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent worsening of respiratory distress in COPD patients.

By asking the patient to take a very deep breath and then exhale as much as they can, the healthcare professional is measuring the vital capacity. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. It is a measure of the overall lung function and can help assess respiratory health.

When alveoli collapse, it is primarily due to the surface tension within the alveoli. Surface tension is the force that causes the liquid molecules within the alveoli to attract each other, creating a tendency for the alveoli to collapse. Therefore, the collapse of alveoli is directly proportional to the surface tension.

A VQ ratio of 0.3 on a patient would indicate decreased ventilation. The VQ ratio refers to the ventilation-perfusion ratio, which is the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli (ventilation) to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli (perfusion). A VQ ratio of 0.3 indicates that there is a decreased amount of air reaching the alveoli compared to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli. This suggests that there is a ventilation problem, such as a blockage or obstruction in the airways, leading to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

The prone or lateral decubitus position is not a predictor of post-op pulmonary complications. This position refers to the patient lying on their stomach or on their side, respectively. While this position may be used during surgery for various reasons, it does not directly contribute to post-operative pulmonary complications. Factors such as preexisting pulmonary conditions, thoracic or upper abdominal surgery, and prolonged general anesthesia are more likely to be predictors of such complications.

The correct answer is to give Lasix because the patient is hypervolemic. In severe COPD, there is impaired gas exchange and chronic hypoxemia, leading to pulmonary hypertension and eventually cor pulmonale. This can cause fluid retention and peripheral edema. Lasix, a diuretic, helps to remove excess fluid from the body and reduce volume overload. By decreasing the patient's fluid volume, it can help alleviate symptoms and improve cardiac function.

A person with asthma may have permanent changes in airway anatomy because repeated inflammation and constriction of the airways can lead to remodeling of the airway walls. This remodeling can result in thickening of the airway walls, increased mucus production, and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult for air to flow freely in and out of the lungs. These structural changes are often irreversible and can contribute to long-term breathing difficulties and symptoms of asthma.

An intra-op pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot. This blockage can lead to decreased blood flow to the lungs and impaired gas exchange. Increased ETCO2 refers to increased end-tidal carbon dioxide levels, which is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled during respiration. In a patient with an intra-op pulmonary embolism, blood flow to the lungs is compromised, resulting in decreased gas exchange and decreased elimination of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it would be unexpected to see increased ETCO2 levels in this situation.

Pulmonary edema is not likely to cause respiratory alkalosis because it is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which can lead to impaired gas exchange and respiratory acidosis. Respiratory alkalosis, on the other hand, is a condition where there is an excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an increase in blood pH. Therefore, pulmonary edema is not a likely cause of respiratory alkalosis.

The respiratory system is responsible for several functions, including acid-base balance, metabolism, and phonation. Acid-base balance refers to the regulation of the body's pH levels through the exchange of gases in the lungs. Metabolism involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to support cellular respiration and energy production. Phonation refers to the production of sound through the movement of air in the respiratory system. Therefore, the correct answer options are Acid Base Balance, Metabolism, and Phonation.

The hyoid bone is the correct answer because it is the only option that directly supports the larynx. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food, but it does not provide support for the larynx. The thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are both part of the larynx itself, rather than providing support for it. Therefore, the hyoid bone is the chief support for the larynx.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation. It is composed of the expiratory reserve volume (ERV), which is the amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal exhalation, and the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), which is the amount of air that can still be inhaled after a normal inhalation. Therefore, the statement that FRC is composed of ERV + IRV is true. The other statements are also true, as FRC is indeed defined as the lung volume at the end of normal exhalation, it is about 2300 ml in a normal adult, and it is directly related to patient height.

In a normal person, the respiratory drive is primarily initiated by an increase in carbon dioxide levels (PCO2) in the blood. However, in a COPD patient, the main respiratory drive is hypoxia, which is a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood. This means that the COPD patient's body relies on low oxygen levels to trigger the need for increased breathing. Additionally, the intrinsic respiratory rate of a COPD patient may be much more rapid due to the compromised lung function. The HPV (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction) reflex, which constricts blood vessels in the lungs in response to hypoxia, is absent in COPD patients.

An acute pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the pulmonary arteries, which can lead to decreased oxygenation of the blood. In this case, the patient's pH is slightly elevated (alkaline) at 7.52, indicating respiratory alkalosis. The PaCO2 is low at 22, indicating hyperventilation and a compensatory response to increase the pH. The PaO2 is decreased at 70, indicating impaired oxygenation. The HCO3 is within normal range at 25, indicating that there is no significant compensation from the kidneys. Overall, these ABG values suggest respiratory alkalosis and hypoxemia, which are commonly seen in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Asthma would not be considered an Acute Intrinsic Pulmonary Disease because it is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to recurring episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Acute Intrinsic Pulmonary Diseases typically refer to sudden-onset conditions affecting the lungs, such as ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), Pulmonary Edema, and Pneumonia. Unlike these conditions, asthma is a long-term inflammatory disorder rather than an acute disease.

An increase in dead space refers to an increase in the volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange in the lungs. This means that a larger portion of the inspired air is not reaching the alveoli where CO2 is exchanged for oxygen. As a result, less CO2 is being eliminated from the body during expiration, leading to an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the exhaled breath (ETCO2). Therefore, the correct answer is "Decrease ETCO2".

In ARDS, reduced lung compliance is primarily due to increased lung permeability and fluid in the lungs. This is because the increased permeability leads to leakage of fluid from the blood vessels into the lung tissue, causing inflammation and edema. The accumulation of fluid in the lungs reduces their ability to expand and contract properly, resulting in decreased lung compliance. This can lead to difficulty in breathing and impaired gas exchange. Fibrosis of pulmonary tissue, increased dead space caused by air trapping, and lack of surfactant leading to collapsed alveoli may contribute to ARDS but are not the primary causes of reduced lung compliance in this condition.

The Hering-Breuer Reflex is a protective reflex that senses distention in the lungs to prevent overinflation. When the lungs become distended, stretch receptors in the airway walls are activated, signaling the respiratory centers in the brain to inhibit further inspiration and initiate expiration. This reflex helps to maintain optimal lung volume and prevent damage caused by excessive stretching of the lung tissue.

Mrs. Vayo, who is having open heart surgery today, would have the greatest risk for post-op pulmonary complications. Open heart surgery is a major procedure that involves significant trauma to the chest and manipulation of the heart and lungs. This can lead to complications such as atelectasis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Additionally, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass during the surgery can further increase the risk of pulmonary complications. Therefore, compared to the other options, Mrs. Vayo's procedure carries the highest risk for post-op pulmonary complications.

After acute changes in ventilation, the rate of fall in arterial CO2 tension is actually faster than its rise. This is because when ventilation increases, more CO2 is eliminated from the body, leading to a rapid decrease in arterial CO2 tension. On the other hand, when ventilation decreases, less CO2 is eliminated, causing a slower increase in arterial CO2 tension. Therefore, the statement that the rate of fall in arterial CO2 tension is slower than its rise is incorrect.

The correct answer is "O2 remaining in lungs" because the majority of oxygen in adults is stored in the lungs. When we breathe in, oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which then carries it to the tissues. However, not all of the oxygen is immediately used by the tissues, and a significant amount remains in the lungs until it is needed. This stored oxygen in the lungs serves as a reserve and ensures a continuous supply of oxygen to the body.

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Patients with increased airflow resistance will actually have a slow, deep breathing pattern. This is because increased resistance in the airways makes it harder for air to flow in and out of the lungs, so the body compensates by taking slower and deeper breaths to increase the amount of air entering the lungs. Therefore, the statement is false.

Systemic vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels throughout the body. This constriction increases the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure. In response to this increased pressure, the body compensates by redistributing blood to areas with lower resistance, such as the lungs. As a result, pulmonary blood volume increases.

A CNS injury can lead to respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation. In this case, the patient has a high pH of 7.54, indicating alkalosis. The CO2 level is low at 28, which is consistent with hyperventilation. The HCO3 level is within the normal range at 22, suggesting that compensation has not yet occurred. Therefore, this ABG result aligns with the expected findings in a patient with a CNS injury.

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is a condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to severe respiratory failure. In ARDS, the alveoli become filled with fluid, causing decreased lung compliance and impaired gas exchange. This leads to a decrease in lung volumes, including FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) and FVC (forced vital capacity). Additionally, the increased fluid in the alveoli results in decreased lung compliance and increased stiffness, which can contribute to a decrease in forced midexpiratory flow. However, increased airway resistance is not typically seen in ARDS, as it is primarily a result of narrowed airways, which is not a characteristic feature of this condition.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs, causing the production of thick, sticky mucus. This mucus can obstruct the airways, leading to decreased lung compliance, which refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and contract. Therefore, it is unlikely for a patient with cystic fibrosis to have decreased lung compliance.