Disease is spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity, such as in a nesting colony of penguins. Disease can be considered a:

factor that increases carrying capacity

factor that causes a greater birth rate than death rate

Our understanding of the oscillating population cycle of the lynx and snowshoe hare, pictured above, comes from the detailed records kept by the Hudsons Bay Company, beginning in the 17th century, of the numbers of pelts it purchased from fur trappers. Which of the following , if true, would be a reason to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown?

lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter, and, therefore, trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves

the value of hare pelts and lynx pelts oscillated in response to the size of the hare and lynx populations

lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter, and, therefore, trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves

the hudsons bay company only purchased from french trappers and did not purchase from the native american trappers

all of the above would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown

only b) and c) would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown

During the period from 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, when people were gatherer -hunters, the rate of the population increase was slow; but from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago there was a dramatic increase in growth rate. Which of these factors is MOST LIKELY to have contributed to this increase?

change from nomadic to a more settled life style, making larger families more manageable

changes in nutrition during the agricultural revolution that caused an increase in death rate

cultural changes leading to a breakdown of mechanisms that controlled the birth rate

an increased division labor, leading to stratification of social classes

a decreased vulnerablility to infectious disease in agricultural communities

Which of the following is NOT a density- independent population regulating factor?

cold exposure due to suitable nesting sites being occupied

reduced food avaliablity due to drought

Life-history patterns:

are subject to the pressures of natural selection

exist only in organisms that exhibit parental care

show up in the fossils of plants

are subject to the pressures of natural selection

is a group of coexisiting organisms capable of interbreeding

consists of the interactions of two different species

consists of any organisms of the same species

consists of all the breeding individuals in a group

consists of all of the organisms of a particular habitat

Expotential growth can continue indefinitley only if:

none of the above is correct; expotential growth cannot continue indefinetly

the population starts out in a new habitat

the carrying capacity of the habitat (K) is very high

there is no carrying capacity of the habitat

the population starts out high but grows slowly

none of the above is correct; expotential growth cannot continue indefinetly

Which of the following statements about maximum sustainable yield is incorrect?

the maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations

the maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure N

the maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations

the maximum sustainable yield for a population is the population growth rate at k/2

the maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure K

the concept of maximum sustainable yield can generate useful information for fighting the growth of pest species

A primary difference in the age-pyramids of industrialized versus third-world countries is that:

third-world countries have much larger proportions of their population in the youngest age group

in third-world countries the few that survive childhood live to a very old age

third-world countries show a characteristic "bulge" that indicates a baby boom

third world countries have significantly more individuals than industrialized countries

mean longevity is significantly greater among third- world countries

On average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?

if both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce

the pair of elephants will leave more, because any individual elephant born is more likely to survive to become an adult and reproduce

the pair of rabbits will leave more, because they reach sexual maturity more rapidly

if both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce

the pair of elephants will leave more, because healthy elephants often have twins

the pair of rabbits will leave more, because they have so many more offspring per breeding season than do the pair of elephants

There is a tradeoff between the number of offspring an organism can produce and the amount of care the organism can provide for its offspring. This statement is:

correct; this is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies

incorrect; the tradeoff exists between the size of the offspring and the amount of care the parent can provide

incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and the size of the offspring an organism can have

correct; this is referred to as the "cost of reproduction"

correct; this is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies

incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and its size

Which of the following statements about the hazard factor of a population is incorrect?

it is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs

it is relatively low when populations have few predators

it is responsible for the rate of aging among the individuals in a population

it is a measure of organisms' risk of death from external sources

it is a measure of how quickly the indivduals in a population age

it is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs

What may happen when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

the population will slowly decline until it reaches its carrying capacity and fluctuate about that number

the level of resources in the habitat will increase equally

the carrying capacity is not important but the population pyramid increases

the population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly then crash

How does expotential growth differ from logistic growth?

the logistic model of growth incorporates enviromental limitations on population size

expontential growth models include consideration of a populations carrying capacity

long-term expontential growth is more commonly observed than long-term logisitic growth in nature

logistic growth requires a large population

logistic growth models take the populations age-structure into account

A life history of an organism does NOT consist of the organisms:

none of the above; all are part of an organisms life history

Dr. David Reznick has studied life history evolution in guppies that live in streams in trinidad. Guppies are found in two different types of habitat: sites where predation is high, and sites where predation is low. Which of the following life history characteriscs would you expect to evolve in a guppy population living in a high-predation site?

bright colors and courtship displays

The demographic transistion:

includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized

includes an increase in birth rate and then an increase in death rate

occurs in predator-prey pairs, such as the lynx and hare, whose population sizes cycle regularly

includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized

is characterized by an increase in a populations growth rate

cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individuals relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individuals risk of dying

leads to an increase in the frequency of any illness-inducing alleles that have their effect when an organism can reproduce

can influence aging but not longevity

does not influence aging because aging is determined by an individuals environment

cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individuals relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individuals risk of dying

cannot reduce the frequency of alleles that cause mortality among individuals who have not yet reached the age of maturity

The term [(K-N)/K] influences a population growth curve such that:

when N equals K, population growth is zero

as K overtakes K, a populations biotic potential decreases

as N approaches K, the birthrate approaches zero

when K is small, mortality rates are the lowest

the increase in actual population numbers is greatest when N is small

when N equals K, population growth is zero

Which of the following is TRUE about estimating human carrying capacity?

some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use

humans are currently living in all potentials habitats offered on Earth

technological innovations usually decrease carrying capacity

quality of life is rarely a factor used in determining the carrying capacity

the united states is a model country when it comes to sustainable living

some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use

Bio Test 4 (Ch.14)

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| Written by Nikki1991

Nikki1991

Community Contributor

Quizzes Created: 3 | Total Attempts: 431

Questions: 47 | Attempts: 124 | Updated: Mar 19, 2023

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Questions and Answers

1.

Disease is spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity, such as in a nesting colony of penguins. Disease can be considered a:
- A.
  
  Factor that increases carrying capacity
- B.
  
  Density-independent factor
- C.
  
  Density-dependent factor
- D.
  
  Expotential growth factor
- E.
  
  Factor that causes a greater birth rate than death rate
Correct Answer
C. Density-dependent factor

Explanation
Disease being spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity suggests that it is influenced by the density of the population. This is because the closer individuals are to each other, the easier it is for the disease to spread from one individual to another. Therefore, disease can be considered a density-dependent factor, as its impact is dependent on the density or closeness of the population.

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2.

Our understanding of the oscillating population cycle of the lynx and snowshoe hare, pictured above, comes from the detailed records kept by the Hudsons Bay Company, beginning in the 17th century, of the numbers of pelts it purchased from fur trappers. Which of the following , if true, would be a reason to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown?
- A.
  
  The value of hare pelts and lynx pelts oscillated in response to the size of the hare and lynx populations
- B.
  
  Lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter, and, therefore, trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves
- C.
  
  The hudsons bay company only purchased from french trappers and did not purchase from the native american trappers
- D.
  
  All of the above would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown
- E.
  
  Only b) and c) would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown
Correct Answer
B. Lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter, and, therefore, trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves

Explanation
The fact that lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter and that trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves suggests that the population of lynx and snowshoe hare actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown. This is because if the populations were not actually oscillating, there would be no reason for trappers to selectively keep more lynx pelts. The preference for lynx pelts indicates that there were periods when the lynx population was larger and the hare population was smaller, leading to an increase in lynx pelts available for trapping.

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3.

During the period from 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, when people were gatherer -hunters, the rate of the population increase was slow; but from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago there was a dramatic increase in growth rate. Which of these factors is MOST LIKELY to have contributed to this increase?
- A.
  
  Change from nomadic to a more settled life style, making larger families more manageable
- B.
  
  Changes in nutrition during the agricultural revolution that caused an increase in death rate
- C.
  
  Cultural changes leading to a breakdown of mechanisms that controlled the birth rate
- D.
  
  An increased division labor, leading to stratification of social classes
- E.
  
  A decreased vulnerablility to infectious disease in agricultural communities
Correct Answer
A. Change from nomadic to a more settled life style, making larger families more manageable

Explanation
The most likely factor that contributed to the dramatic increase in growth rate from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago is the change from a nomadic to a more settled lifestyle, making larger families more manageable. This change would have allowed people to have a more stable and secure environment, which would have made it easier to raise larger families. In a nomadic lifestyle, it would have been more difficult to provide for and care for larger families, which could have limited population growth. By transitioning to a settled lifestyle, people would have had access to more resources and support systems, allowing them to have more children and ultimately leading to a higher population growth rate.

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4.

When a population grows in proportion to its size (E.g. bigger populations grow faster), that population is experiencing _______________ growth.
- A.
  
  Density-dependent
- B.
  
  Capacity
- C.
  
  Exponential
- D.
  
  Density-independent
- E.
  
  Logistic
Correct Answer
C. Exponential

Explanation
Exponential growth occurs when a population grows at an accelerating rate, proportional to its current size. This means that as the population gets larger, it grows even faster. In this scenario, the population is not limited by any factors such as available resources or competition, so it can continue to grow without any constraints. Therefore, the correct answer is exponential growth.

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5.

Which of the following is NOT a density- independent population regulating factor?
- A.
  
  Cold exposure due to suitable nesting sites being occupied
- B.
  
  Variable winter weather
- C.
  
  Fire
- D.
  
  Flooding
- E.
  
  Reduced food avaliablity due to drought
Correct Answer
A. Cold exposure due to suitable nesting sites being occupied

Explanation
Cold exposure due to suitable nesting sites being occupied is not a density-independent population regulating factor because it is dependent on the availability of nesting sites. Density-independent factors are those that affect population size regardless of the population's density, such as variable winter weather, fire, flooding, and reduced food availability due to drought. These factors can impact population size regardless of how many individuals are present in the population.

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6.

Life-history patterns:
- A.
  
  Exist only in organisms that exhibit parental care
- B.
  
  Show up in the fossils of plants
- C.
  
  Have no genetic component
- D.
  
  Are usually learned
- E.
  
  Are subject to the pressures of natural selection
Correct Answer
E. Are subject to the pressures of natural selection

Explanation
Life-history patterns are subject to the pressures of natural selection because they are traits that affect an organism's survival and reproductive success. These patterns, such as the timing of reproduction, number of offspring produced, and lifespan, are influenced by environmental factors and the availability of resources. Organisms with life-history patterns that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation, leading to the evolution of these traits over time.

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7.

A population:
- A.
  
  Is a group of coexisiting organisms capable of interbreeding
- B.
  
  Consists of the interactions of two different species
- C.
  
  Consists of any organisms of the same species
- D.
  
  Consists of all the breeding individuals in a group
- E.
  
  Consists of all of the organisms of a particular habitat
Correct Answer
A. Is a group of coexisiting organisms capable of interbreeding

Explanation
The correct answer is "is a group of coexisting organisms capable of interbreeding." This definition accurately describes a population as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and are capable of reproducing with one another. This definition emphasizes the importance of interbreeding as a defining characteristic of a population. It distinguishes a population from a community, which consists of interactions between different species, and from a habitat, which refers to a specific environment where organisms live.

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8.

Expotential growth can continue indefinitley only if:
- A.
  
  The population starts out in a new habitat
- B.
  
  The carrying capacity of the habitat (K) is very high
- C.
  
  There is no carrying capacity of the habitat
- D.
  
  The population starts out high but grows slowly
- E.
  
  None of the above is correct; expotential growth cannot continue indefinetly
Correct Answer
E. None of the above is correct; expotential growth cannot continue indefinetly

Explanation
Exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely because it is limited by the carrying capacity of the habitat. The carrying capacity is the maximum population size that can be sustained by the available resources in the habitat. As the population size approaches the carrying capacity, resources become limited and growth slows down until it eventually levels off. Therefore, none of the given options are correct as they do not account for the limitation imposed by the carrying capacity.

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9.

Which of the following statements about maximum sustainable yield is incorrect?
- A.
  
  The maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure N
- B.
  
  The maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations
- C.
  
  The maximum sustainable yield for a population is the population growth rate at k/2
- D.
  
  The maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure K
- E.
  
  The concept of maximum sustainable yield can generate useful information for fighting the growth of pest species
Correct Answer
B. The maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations

Explanation
The statement that the maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations is incorrect. The concept of maximum sustainable yield is applicable to both plant and animal populations and can be used as a management tool for sustainable harvesting and conservation of natural resources.

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10.

Approximatley what was the human population of the world in the year 1950?
- A.
  
  2.5 billion
- B.
  
  650 million
- C.
  
  1.6 billion
- D.
  
  4.8 billion
- E.
  
  850 million
Correct Answer
A. 2.5 billion

Explanation
In the year 1950, the human population of the world was approximately 2.5 billion.

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11.

A primary difference in the age-pyramids of industrialized versus third-world countries is that:
- A.
  
  Third-world countries have much larger proportions of their population in the youngest age group
- B.
  
  In third-world countries the few that survive childhood live to a very old age
- C.
  
  Third-world countries show a characteristic "bulge" that indicates a baby boom
- D.
  
  Third world countries have significantly more individuals than industrialized countries
- E.
  
  Mean longevity is significantly greater among third- world countries
Correct Answer
A. Third-world countries have much larger proportions of their population in the youngest age group

Explanation
In the age-pyramids of industrialized countries, the proportion of the population in the youngest age group is smaller compared to third-world countries. This means that third-world countries have a higher percentage of young individuals in their population. This could be due to factors such as higher birth rates, limited access to healthcare and family planning, and lower life expectancy.

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12.

On average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?
- A.
  
  The pair of elephants will leave more, because any individual elephant born is more likely to survive to become an adult and reproduce
- B.
  
  The pair of rabbits will leave more, because they reach sexual maturity more rapidly
- C.
  
  If both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce
- D.
  
  The pair of elephants will leave more, because healthy elephants often have twins
- E.
  
  The pair of rabbits will leave more, because they have so many more offspring per breeding season than do the pair of elephants
Correct Answer
C. If both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce

Explanation
The correct answer is that if both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce. This is because the question states that the average number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce is being compared, and if both populations are stable, it means that the survival and reproduction rates are similar for both elephants and rabbits. Therefore, the number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce will be the same for both species.

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13.

There is a tradeoff between the number of offspring an organism can produce and the amount of care the organism can provide for its offspring. This statement is:
- A.
  
  Incorrect; the tradeoff exists between the size of the offspring and the amount of care the parent can provide
- B.
  
  Incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and the size of the offspring an organism can have
- C.
  
  Correct; this is referred to as the "cost of reproduction"
- D.
  
  Correct; this is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies
- E.
  
  Incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and its size
Correct Answer
D. Correct; this is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies

Explanation
This statement is correct because there is indeed a tradeoff between the number of offspring an organism can produce and the amount of care it can provide for its offspring. This tradeoff is known as the "cost of reproduction" and is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies. Organisms that produce a large number of offspring may not be able to provide as much care for each individual offspring, while organisms that provide a lot of care for their offspring may have fewer offspring. This tradeoff is a result of limited resources and energy available to the organism.

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14.

Which of the following statements about the hazard factor of a population is incorrect?
- A.
  
  It is relatively low when populations have few predators
- B.
  
  It is responsible for the rate of aging among the individuals in a population
- C.
  
  It is a measure of organisms' risk of death from external sources
- D.
  
  It is a measure of how quickly the indivduals in a population age
- E.
  
  It is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs
Correct Answer
E. It is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs

Explanation
The hazard factor of a population is not higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs. The hazard factor is a measure of organisms' risk of death from external sources, not a measure of how quickly the individuals in a population age. It is responsible for the rate of aging among the individuals in a population. Additionally, it is relatively low when populations have few predators. Therefore, the correct statement is that the hazard factor is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs.

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15.

What may happen when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?
- A.
  
  The population will slowly decline until it reaches its carrying capacity and fluctuate about that number
- B.
  
  The level of resources in the habitat will increase equally
- C.
  
  The carrying capacity is not important but the population pyramid increases
- D.
  
  The population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly then crash
- E.
  
  Both a) and d) are possible
Correct Answer
E. Both a) and d) are possible

Explanation
When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, two possible outcomes are likely to occur. Firstly, the population may slowly decline until it reaches its carrying capacity. This decline is due to limited resources and increased competition for those resources. Secondly, the population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly, leading to a sudden crash. This rapid increase in population can deplete resources rapidly, causing a sharp decline in population numbers. Both scenarios, a gradual decline and a sudden crash, are possible when a population exceeds its carrying capacity.

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16.

A population of scarab beetles has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.8 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.5. Estimate the number of individuals added to or lost from a population of 1000 individuals in one year.
- A.
  
  500 individuals lost
- B.
  
  300 individuals added
- C.
  
  50 individuals lost
- D.
  
  30 individuals added
- E.
  
  3000 individuals added
Correct Answer
B. 300 individuals added

Explanation
The per capita birth rate of 0.8 means that on average, each individual beetle gives birth to 0.8 offspring in a year. The per capita death rate of 0.5 means that on average, each individual beetle dies at a rate of 0.5 per year. To estimate the number of individuals added or lost from the population, we subtract the death rate from the birth rate and multiply it by the initial population size. In this case, (0.8 - 0.5) * 1000 = 0.3 * 1000 = 300 individuals added.

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17.

How does expotential growth differ from logistic growth?
- A.
  
  The logistic model of growth incorporates enviromental limitations on population size
- B.
  
  Expontential growth models include consideration of a populations carrying capacity
- C.
  
  Long-term expontential growth is more commonly observed than long-term logisitic growth in nature
- D.
  
  Logistic growth requires a large population
- E.
  
  Logistic growth models take the populations age-structure into account
Correct Answer
A. The logistic model of growth incorporates enviromental limitations on population size

Explanation
The logistic model of growth incorporates environmental limitations on population size. This means that as the population approaches its carrying capacity, the growth rate slows down and eventually stabilizes. On the other hand, exponential growth models do not take into account any limitations on population size and assume unlimited resources. Therefore, exponential growth can continue indefinitely without any constraints. In nature, long-term exponential growth is less commonly observed compared to long-term logistic growth, as most populations eventually reach their carrying capacity and stabilize.

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18.

A life history of an organism does NOT consist of the organisms:
- A.
  
  Death
- B.
  
  Birth
- C.
  
  Growth to maturity
- D.
  
  Size
- E.
  
  None of the above; all are part of an organisms life history
Correct Answer
E. None of the above; all are part of an organisms life history

Explanation
The correct answer is "none of the above; all are part of an organism's life history." This means that all the options listed (death, birth, growth to maturity, and size) are included in an organism's life history. The life history of an organism encompasses its entire life cycle, including its birth, growth, reproduction, and death. Additionally, factors such as size can also be important in understanding an organism's life history, as it can influence its behavior, survival, and reproductive strategies. Therefore, all of these elements are considered part of an organism's life history.

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19.

Dr. David Reznick has studied life history evolution in guppies that live in streams in trinidad. Guppies are found in two different types of habitat: sites where predation is high, and sites where predation is low. Which of the following life history characteriscs would you expect to evolve in a guppy population living in a high-predation site?
- A.
  
  Delayed sexual maturation
- B.
  
  A female-biased sex ratio
- C.
  
  Increased egg size
- D.
  
  Increased egg number
- E.
  
  Bright colors and courtship displays
Correct Answer
C. Increased egg size

Explanation
In high-predation sites, guppies face a higher risk of being eaten by predators. In order to increase their chances of survival and reproduce successfully, guppies living in high-predation sites are likely to evolve larger egg sizes. Larger eggs have a higher chance of survival and can provide more nutrients and energy to the developing offspring, increasing their chances of survival in a risky environment. This adaptation allows guppies to allocate more resources towards producing fewer, but larger, offspring that have a higher chance of survival.

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20.

The demographic transistion:
- A.
  
  Includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized
- B.
  
  Includes an increase in birth rate and then an increase in death rate
- C.
  
  Occurs in predator-prey pairs, such as the lynx and hare, whose population sizes cycle regularly
- D.
  
  Includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized
- E.
  
  Is characterized by an increase in a populations growth rate
Correct Answer
A. Includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized

Explanation
The demographic transition refers to the changes in birth and death rates that occur as a population becomes industrialized. Initially, the death rate decreases due to improvements in healthcare and living conditions. This is followed by a decrease in the birth rate as people have access to contraception, education, and better economic opportunities. This transition is a common pattern observed in many countries as they develop economically and socially.

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21.

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the shortest gestation period?
- A.
  
  An elephant
- B.
  
  A giraffe
- C.
  
  A mouse
- D.
  
  A chimpanzee
- E.
  
  A human
Correct Answer
C. A mouse

Explanation
A mouse would be expected to have the shortest gestation period compared to the other mammals listed. This is because mice are small mammals and generally have shorter gestation periods compared to larger mammals like elephants, giraffes, chimpanzees, and humans. The gestation period of a mouse is typically around 19-21 days, whereas larger mammals have longer gestation periods ranging from several months to over a year.

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22.

Natural selection:
- A.
  
  Leads to an increase in the frequency of any illness-inducing alleles that have their effect when an organism can reproduce
- B.
  
  Can influence aging but not longevity
- C.
  
  Does not influence aging because aging is determined by an individuals environment
- D.
  
  Cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individuals relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individuals risk of dying
- E.
  
  Cannot reduce the frequency of alleles that cause mortality among individuals who have not yet reached the age of maturity
Correct Answer
D. Cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individuals relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individuals risk of dying

Explanation
Natural selection can only act on traits that affect an individual's reproductive success. If an allele increases an individual's risk of dying but does not impact their ability to reproduce, natural selection cannot eliminate it from the population. This is because the allele does not directly affect an individual's relative reproductive success. Therefore, even if the allele increases the risk of dying, it will not be weeded out by natural selection.

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23.

The term [(K-N)/K] influences a population growth curve such that:
- A.
  
  As K overtakes K, a populations biotic potential decreases
- B.
  
  As N approaches K, the birthrate approaches zero
- C.
  
  When K is small, mortality rates are the lowest
- D.
  
  The increase in actual population numbers is greatest when N is small
- E.
  
  When N equals K, population growth is zero
Correct Answer
E. When N equals K, population growth is zero

Explanation
When N equals K, population growth is zero. This is because N represents the population size, and K represents the carrying capacity of the environment, which is the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support sustainably. When the population size (N) equals the carrying capacity (K), it means that the population has reached its maximum sustainable size, and there is no more room for growth. At this point, the birthrate equals the death rate, resulting in zero population growth.

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24.

The age-structure diagram of a human population in a developing country has the shape of:
- A.
  
  An hourglass
- B.
  
  A pyramid
- C.
  
  A totem pole
- D.
  
  A funnel
- E.
  
  A rectangle
Correct Answer
B. A pyramid

Explanation
The age-structure diagram of a human population in a developing country has the shape of a pyramid. This indicates that the population has a high proportion of young individuals and a decreasing proportion of older individuals. This is typically seen in countries with high birth rates and limited access to healthcare and education. As the population progresses and development occurs, the pyramid shape may shift towards a more rectangular shape, indicating a more balanced age distribution.

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25.

Which of the following is TRUE about estimating human carrying capacity?
- A.
  
  Humans are currently living in all potentials habitats offered on Earth
- B.
  
  Technological innovations usually decrease carrying capacity
- C.
  
  Quality of life is rarely a factor used in determining the carrying capacity
- D.
  
  The united states is a model country when it comes to sustainable living
- E.
  
  Some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use
Correct Answer
E. Some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use

Explanation
Some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use. This means that these countries have a surplus of resources, which indicates that their carrying capacity is not being fully utilized.

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26.

The purpose of a population model is to:
- A.
  
  Test the effectivness of conservation plans
- B.
  
  Demonstrate the effective population size of an endangered species
- C.
  
  Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next
- D.
  
  Graph changes in a population over time
- E.
  
  Estimate the death rate of the population from one generation to the next
Correct Answer
C. Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next

Explanation
A population model is a tool used to predict or explain changes in the abundance of organisms from one generation to the next. It helps in understanding how factors such as birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration affect the population size. By using mathematical equations and statistical methods, population models can estimate future population trends and provide insights into the dynamics and behavior of populations. These models are crucial in ecological research, conservation planning, and management of endangered species.

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27.

Which of the following is NOT true about a population?
- A.
  
  Birth and death rates are features of a population
- B.
  
  A population contains a group of individuals of the same species
- C.
  
  Individuals are not "endangered" but populations can be
- D.
  
  Members of the same population can mate with each other
- E.
  
  Individuals within a population undergo genetic change
Correct Answer
E. Individuals within a population undergo genetic change

Explanation
The given statement is not true because individuals within a population do not undergo genetic change. Genetic changes occur through the process of evolution, which happens over multiple generations and affects the population as a whole. While individuals may have genetic variations, it is the population as a whole that undergoes genetic change through mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

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28.

In general, there is a positive correlation between body size and generation time. This statement is:
- A.
  
  True; however, after reaching a certain body size, this correlation levels off
- B.
  
  False; however, there is a correlation between body size and type of survivorship curve
- C.
  
  True; larger animals tend to have a longer generation time
- D.
  
  True; larger animals tend to have fewer offspring
- E.
  
  False; the correlation is between small body size and longer generation time
Correct Answer
C. True; larger animals tend to have a longer generation time

Explanation
Larger animals generally have a longer generation time because they take longer to reach sexual maturity and reproduce. This is due to their slower growth rate and longer lifespan compared to smaller animals. As body size increases, the time required for development and reaching sexual maturity also increases, resulting in a positive correlation between body size and generation time. However, it is important to note that this correlation levels off after reaching a certain body size, indicating that there is a limit to how much body size affects generation time.

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29.

In 1900, the world had a human population of approximately _____________________, and, in 2000, the world had a human population of approximatley __________________.
- A.
  
  2.5 billion; 5.2 billion
- B.
  
  2.8 billion; 4.4 billion
- C.
  
  550 million; 7.4 billion
- D.
  
  4.3 billion; 6.7 billion
- E.
  
  1.6 billion; 6.1 billion
Correct Answer
E. 1.6 billion; 6.1 billion

Explanation
In 1900, the world had a human population of approximately 1.6 billion. This means that there were around 1.6 billion people living on Earth during that time. In 2000, the world had a human population of approximately 6.1 billion. This means that there were around 6.1 billion people living on Earth during that time.

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30.

In a population exhibiting logistic growth, the rate of the population growth is greatest when N is:
- A.
  
  Above the carrying capacity
- B.
  
  0
- C.
  
  K
- D.
  
  0.5 K
- E.
  
  All of the above are correct because the rate of population growth is constant in logistic growth
Correct Answer
D. 0.5 K

Explanation
In a population exhibiting logistic growth, the rate of population growth is greatest when the population size (N) is at half of the carrying capacity (0.5 K). This is because at this point, the population is growing at its maximum potential rate due to the optimal balance between available resources and population size. As the population size increases beyond half of the carrying capacity, the rate of growth starts to slow down due to limited resources and increased competition. Similarly, when the population size is below half of the carrying capacity or at 0, the rate of growth is also lower as there are still ample resources available for the population to grow.

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31.

In logistic population growth, as the population size, N, approaches the environments carrying capacity, K, what happens to the rate of population increase?
- A.
  
  It remains the same
- B.
  
  It approaches 0
- C.
  
  It remains at K/2
- D.
  
  It increases expotentially
- E.
  
  It remains at N/K
Correct Answer
B. It approaches 0

Explanation
As the population size approaches the carrying capacity of the environment, the resources available for the population become limited. This leads to increased competition for resources and a decrease in the rate of population increase. Eventually, the rate of population increase approaches zero as the population reaches its maximum sustainable size.

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32.

As of 2008, approximatley how many humans live on Earth?
- A.
  
  6 million
- B.
  
  60 million
- C.
  
  6 billion
- D.
  
  60 billion
- E.
  
  600 million
Correct Answer
C. 6 billion

Explanation
As of 2008, the approximate number of humans living on Earth was 6 billion.

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33.

Which of the following shows the correct order of ecological levels, from lowest to highest in complexity?
- A.
  
  Individuals > populations > ecosystems > communites
- B.
  
  Communites > populations > ecosystems > individuals
- C.
  
  Ecosystems > communites > individuals > communities
- D.
  
  Populations > communities > individuals > ecosystems
- E.
  
  None of the above correctly shows the order from lowest to highest
Correct Answer
E. None of the above correctly shows the order from lowest to highest
34.

The "demographic transistion" seen in human population ultmately results in:
- A.
  
  High birth rates and low death rates
- B.
  
  High birth rates and high death rates
- C.
  
  Low birth rates and low death rates
- D.
  
  No births and no deaths
- E.
  
  None of the above is correct
Correct Answer
C. Low birth rates and low death rates

Explanation
The demographic transition refers to the shift in population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. This transition occurs as a result of various factors such as improved healthcare, education, and economic development. As societies progress, they tend to experience a decrease in both birth and death rates, leading to a more stable population growth. Therefore, the correct answer is "low birth rates and low death rates."

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35.

A population with an S-shaped growth curve is said to exhibit ___________ growth.
- A.
  
  Expotential
- B.
  
  Negative
- C.
  
  Logistic
- D.
  
  Density-independent
- E.
  
  Density-dependent
Correct Answer
C. Logistic

Explanation
A population with an S-shaped growth curve is said to exhibit logistic growth. This type of growth occurs when a population initially grows rapidly, but eventually levels off and stabilizes at the carrying capacity of its environment. This is in contrast to exponential growth, which is characterized by continuous and unrestricted growth. Logistic growth is influenced by factors such as limited resources and competition, making it a density-dependent process.

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36.

The death rate of organisms in a population exhibiting a type 3 survivorship curve is:
- A.
  
  Unrelated to age
- B.
  
  Lower after the organisms survive to the critical age of establishment
- C.
  
  Usually correlated with density-independent causes
- D.
  
  Higher in post-reproductive than in pre-reproductive years
- E.
  
  More or less constant throughout their lives
Correct Answer
B. Lower after the organisms survive to the critical age of establishment

Explanation
The correct answer is "lower after the organisms survive to the critical age of establishment." In a type 3 survivorship curve, the death rate is high for young organisms but decreases significantly once they reach a certain age. This critical age of establishment is when the organisms have overcome the initial challenges and have a higher chance of survival. After this age, the death rate tends to be lower, indicating that the organisms have a higher likelihood of surviving and reaching reproductive age.

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37.

If there are 500 individuals in a population at the start of a year, and during the year 125 offspring are produced in that population, then the annual birth rate is:
- A.
  
  .5
- B.
  
  .25
- C.
  
  1.25
- D.
  
  125
- E.
  
  The annual birth rate cannot be computed from the information provided
Correct Answer
B. .25

Explanation
The annual birth rate can be calculated by dividing the number of offspring produced during the year (125) by the initial population (500). This calculation gives us a birth rate of 0.25, which means that on average, each individual in the population produces 0.25 offspring per year.

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38.

The population size that a particular habitat can support indefinitley is called the:
- A.
  
  Realized niche
- B.
  
  Intristic population size
- C.
  
  Fundamental niche
- D.
  
  Carrying capactiy
- E.
  
  Community
Correct Answer
D. Carrying capactiy

Explanation
The term "carrying capacity" refers to the maximum number of individuals that a habitat can sustain indefinitely. It represents the balance between available resources and the population's needs. When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, it can lead to resource depletion and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is carrying capacity.

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39.

If r= 1.05 for a population at a given time (t) when N= 100 , what will the population size be at time t+2 (two generations later)?
- A.
  
  105
- B.
  
  110
- C.
  
  111
- D.
  
  100
- E.
  
  It could be b) and c)
Correct Answer
B. 110

Explanation
The population size at time t+2 will be larger than the initial population size at time t because the growth rate (r) is greater than 1. The growth rate of 1.05 indicates that the population is increasing by 5% per generation. Therefore, the population size at time t+2 will be 105 multiplied by 1.05, resulting in a population size of 110.

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40.

During logistic growth, the per capita rate of increase:
- A.
  
  Approaches the carrying capacity
- B.
  
  Is always approaching zero
- C.
  
  Is constant
- D.
  
  Is ever-increasing
- E.
  
  Approaches zero after the population reaches one-half the carrying capacity
Correct Answer
E. Approaches zero after the population reaches one-half the carrying capacity

Explanation
During logistic growth, the per capita rate of increase approaches zero after the population reaches one-half the carrying capacity. This is because as the population size approaches the carrying capacity, resources become limited and competition for those resources increases. As a result, the rate of population growth slows down and eventually reaches zero when the population size reaches half of the carrying capacity. This is known as the inflection point, after which the population growth starts to decline and eventually stabilizes at the carrying capacity.

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41.

The purpose of a population model is to:
- A.
  
  Test the effectiveness of conservation plans
- B.
  
  Demonstrate the effective population size of an endangered species
- C.
  
  Graph changes in a population over time
- D.
  
  Estimate the death rate of the population from one generation to the next
- E.
  
  Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next
Correct Answer
E. Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next

Explanation
A population model is a tool used to predict or explain changes in the abundance of organisms from one generation to the next. It helps scientists understand how factors such as birth rate, death rate, migration, and environmental changes can affect the size and dynamics of a population over time. By using population models, researchers can make predictions about the future of a population and develop strategies for conservation and management.

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42.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which humans have so far avoided growth beyond their carrying capacity?
- A.
  
  The ablility to live in higher densities than before
- B.
  
  The ability to expand into new habitats
- C.
  
  The ability to curve previously fatal diseases
- D.
  
  The ability to produce more food with that previously possible
- E.
  
  All of the above are mechanisms by which humans have avoided reaching their carrying capacity
Correct Answer
E. All of the above are mechanisms by which humans have avoided reaching their carrying capacity

Explanation
Humans have avoided growth beyond their carrying capacity through various mechanisms. They have been able to live in higher densities than before, which allows for more efficient use of resources. Additionally, humans have expanded into new habitats, which has provided them with access to additional resources. Furthermore, the ability to cure previously fatal diseases has increased human survival rates, preventing population growth from exceeding carrying capacity. Lastly, advancements in agricultural practices have enabled humans to produce more food than previously possible, supporting larger populations. Therefore, all of the given options are mechanisms by which humans have avoided reaching their carrying capacity.

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43.

Life histories are based on:
- A.
  
  The age at death
- B.
  
  The age of reproduction and number of reproductive events
- C.
  
  Litter size
- D.
  
  The rate of growth and development
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
E. All of the above

Explanation
Life histories are based on various factors such as the age at death, the age of reproduction and number of reproductive events, litter size, and the rate of growth and development. These factors collectively contribute to understanding the life history of an organism. The age at death provides information about the lifespan, while the age of reproduction and number of reproductive events indicate the reproductive strategy. Litter size is a crucial aspect of reproductive success, and the rate of growth and development reflects the overall life cycle of the organism. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors are considered while studying life histories.

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44.

Which of the following was discovered as a result of the fruit fly life-extension experiment?
- A.
  
  Longer-lived flies died more quickly when removed from "ideal" living conditions
- B.
  
  Longer-lived flies aged more quickly when removed from "ideal" living conditions
- C.
  
  Longer-lived flies laid their eggs earlier than short-lived flies
- D.
  
  Longer-lived flies accumulated a greater number of mutations in their genomes
- E.
  
  None of the above are correct
Correct Answer
E. None of the above are correct
45.

Which statement best describes expectations for world human population by the year 2010?
- A.
  
  The problem is to complex to make accurate predictions
- B.
  
  It will drop below 6 billion if the current rate of decrease continues
- C.
  
  It will exceed 10 billion if the current rate of increases continues
- D.
  
  It will exceed 7 billion if the current rate of increases continues
- E.
  
  Negative growth in the united states and europe will counterbalance positive growth in developing countries
Correct Answer
D. It will exceed 7 billion if the current rate of increases continues

Explanation
The statement "it will exceed 7 billion if the current rate of increases continues" best describes expectations for world human population by the year 2010. This suggests that based on the current rate of population growth, the world population is projected to surpass 7 billion.

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46.

A survivorship curve that had low survivorship in the beginning and stabilized after high initial mortality would be characterisitic for which type of organism?
- A.
  
  Birds of prey
- B.
  
  Hummingbirds
- C.
  
  Cod
- D.
  
  Elephants
- E.
  
  Rodents
Correct Answer
C. Cod

Explanation
A survivorship curve that had low survivorship in the beginning and stabilized after high initial mortality would be characteristic for cod. Cod are a type of fish that typically experience high mortality rates during their early life stages, with many individuals dying shortly after hatching. However, those that do survive this initial period have a higher chance of reaching adulthood and have a relatively stable survivorship rate thereafter. This pattern is commonly observed in species with high reproductive output but high juvenile mortality rates, such as fish species like cod.

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47.

In the lynx-snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in the cycle?
- A.
  
  The lynx population crashes
- B.
  
  The lynx reproduce at a higher rate
- C.
  
  The food source for the rabbits increases
- D.
  
  The hare population crashes
- E.
  
  The hare population grows furthur
Correct Answer
B. The lynx reproduce at a higher rate

Explanation
When the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. This increase in available food allows the lynx to have better access to resources, leading to improved reproductive success. As a result, the lynx population will reproduce at a higher rate in order to take advantage of the abundant food supply. This increase in lynx reproduction is the immediate next step in the cycle of population growth between lynx and snowshoe hare.

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Bio Test 4 (Ch.14)

Disease is spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity, such as in a nesting colony of penguins. Disease can be considered a:

During the period from 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, when people were gatherer -hunters, the rate of the population increase was slow; but from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago there was a dramatic increase in growth rate. Which of these factors is MOST LIKELY to have contributed to this increase?

When a population grows in proportion to its size (E.g. bigger populations grow faster), that population is experiencing _______________ growth.

Which of the following is NOT a density- independent population regulating factor?

Life-history patterns:

A population:

Expotential growth can continue indefinitley only if:

Which of the following statements about maximum sustainable yield is incorrect?

Approximatley what was the human population of the world in the year 1950?

A primary difference in the age-pyramids of industrialized versus third-world countries is that:

On average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?

There is a tradeoff between the number of offspring an organism can produce and the amount of care the organism can provide for its offspring. This statement is:

Which of the following statements about the hazard factor of a population is incorrect?

What may happen when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

A population of scarab beetles has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.8 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.5. Estimate the number of individuals added to or lost from a population of 1000 individuals in one year.

How does expotential growth differ from logistic growth?

A life history of an organism does NOT consist of the organisms:

The demographic transistion:

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the shortest gestation period?

Natural selection:

The term [(K-N)/K] influences a population growth curve such that:

The age-structure diagram of a human population in a developing country has the shape of:

Which of the following is TRUE about estimating human carrying capacity?

The purpose of a population model is to:

Which of the following is NOT true about a population?

In general, there is a positive correlation between body size and generation time. This statement is:

In 1900, the world had a human population of approximately _____________________, and, in 2000, the world had a human population of approximatley __________________.

In a population exhibiting logistic growth, the rate of the population growth is greatest when N is:

In logistic population growth, as the population size, N, approaches the environments carrying capacity, K, what happens to the rate of population increase?

As of 2008, approximatley how many humans live on Earth?

Which of the following shows the correct order of ecological levels, from lowest to highest in complexity?

The "demographic transistion" seen in human population ultmately results in:

A population with an S-shaped growth curve is said to exhibit ___________ growth.

The death rate of organisms in a population exhibiting a type 3 survivorship curve is:

If there are 500 individuals in a population at the start of a year, and during the year 125 offspring are produced in that population, then the annual birth rate is:

The population size that a particular habitat can support indefinitley is called the:

If r= 1.05 for a population at a given time (t) when N= 100 , what will the population size be at time t+2 (two generations later)?

During logistic growth, the per capita rate of increase:

The purpose of a population model is to:

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which humans have so far avoided growth beyond their carrying capacity?

Life histories are based on:

Which of the following was discovered as a result of the fruit fly life-extension experiment?

Which statement best describes expectations for world human population by the year 2010?

A survivorship curve that had low survivorship in the beginning and stabilized after high initial mortality would be characterisitic for which type of organism?

In the lynx-snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in the cycle?

In 1900, the world had a human population of approximately ___, and, in 2000, the world had a human population of approximatley .