Bio Test 4 (Ch. 14) assesses understanding of ecological principles affecting population dynamics. It covers density-dependent factors, population cycles, growth models, and life-history strategies, essential for students in biology and ecology.
The age at death
The age of reproduction and number of reproductive events
Litter size
The rate of growth and development
All of the above
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An hourglass
A pyramid
A totem pole
A funnel
A rectangle
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The population will slowly decline until it reaches its carrying capacity and fluctuate about that number
The level of resources in the habitat will increase equally
The carrying capacity is not important but the population pyramid increases
The population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly then crash
Both a) and d) are possible
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.5
.25
1.25
125
The annual birth rate cannot be computed from the information provided
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Expotential
Negative
Logistic
Density-independent
Density-dependent
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6 million
60 million
6 billion
60 billion
600 million
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Factor that increases carrying capacity
Density-independent factor
Density-dependent factor
Expotential growth factor
Factor that causes a greater birth rate than death rate
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Density-dependent
Capacity
Exponential
Density-independent
Logistic
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Realized niche
Intristic population size
Fundamental niche
Carrying capactiy
Community
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Death
Birth
Growth to maturity
Size
None of the above; all are part of an organisms life history
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500 individuals lost
300 individuals added
50 individuals lost
30 individuals added
3000 individuals added
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The lynx population crashes
The lynx reproduce at a higher rate
The food source for the rabbits increases
The hare population crashes
The hare population grows furthur
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The ablility to live in higher densities than before
The ability to expand into new habitats
The ability to curve previously fatal diseases
The ability to produce more food with that previously possible
All of the above are mechanisms by which humans have avoided reaching their carrying capacity
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Leads to an increase in the frequency of any illness-inducing alleles that have their effect when an organism can reproduce
Can influence aging but not longevity
Does not influence aging because aging is determined by an individuals environment
Cannot weed out from a population any alleles that do not reduce an individuals relative reproductive success, even if these alleles increase an individuals risk of dying
Cannot reduce the frequency of alleles that cause mortality among individuals who have not yet reached the age of maturity
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105
110
111
100
It could be b) and c)
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The problem is to complex to make accurate predictions
It will drop below 6 billion if the current rate of decrease continues
It will exceed 10 billion if the current rate of increases continues
It will exceed 7 billion if the current rate of increases continues
Negative growth in the united states and europe will counterbalance positive growth in developing countries
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Exist only in organisms that exhibit parental care
Show up in the fossils of plants
Have no genetic component
Are usually learned
Are subject to the pressures of natural selection
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Third-world countries have much larger proportions of their population in the youngest age group
In third-world countries the few that survive childhood live to a very old age
Third-world countries show a characteristic "bulge" that indicates a baby boom
Third world countries have significantly more individuals than industrialized countries
Mean longevity is significantly greater among third- world countries
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Is a group of coexisiting organisms capable of interbreeding
Consists of the interactions of two different species
Consists of any organisms of the same species
Consists of all the breeding individuals in a group
Consists of all of the organisms of a particular habitat
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Above the carrying capacity
0
K
0.5 K
All of the above are correct because the rate of population growth is constant in logistic growth
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The maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure N
The maximum sustainable yield for a population is a useful management guideline for harvesting plant products such as timber, but it is not helpful for managing animal populations
The maximum sustainable yield for a population is the population growth rate at k/2
The maximum sustainable yield for a population can be difficult to determine because it is not always possible to accurately measure K
The concept of maximum sustainable yield can generate useful information for fighting the growth of pest species
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Birth and death rates are features of a population
A population contains a group of individuals of the same species
Individuals are not "endangered" but populations can be
Members of the same population can mate with each other
Individuals within a population undergo genetic change
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It remains the same
It approaches 0
It remains at K/2
It increases expotentially
It remains at N/K
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Birds of prey
Hummingbirds
Cod
Elephants
Rodents
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Test the effectivness of conservation plans
Demonstrate the effective population size of an endangered species
Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next
Graph changes in a population over time
Estimate the death rate of the population from one generation to the next
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As K overtakes K, a populations biotic potential decreases
As N approaches K, the birthrate approaches zero
When K is small, mortality rates are the lowest
The increase in actual population numbers is greatest when N is small
When N equals K, population growth is zero
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The value of hare pelts and lynx pelts oscillated in response to the size of the hare and lynx populations
Lynx pelts are better for keeping trappers warm in the winter, and, therefore, trappers kept more of the lynx pelts for themselves
The hudsons bay company only purchased from french trappers and did not purchase from the native american trappers
All of the above would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown
Only b) and c) would be reasons to suspect the populations actually exhibited the oscillating pattern shown
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The population starts out in a new habitat
The carrying capacity of the habitat (K) is very high
There is no carrying capacity of the habitat
The population starts out high but grows slowly
None of the above is correct; expotential growth cannot continue indefinetly
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True; however, after reaching a certain body size, this correlation levels off
False; however, there is a correlation between body size and type of survivorship curve
True; larger animals tend to have a longer generation time
True; larger animals tend to have fewer offspring
False; the correlation is between small body size and longer generation time
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Individuals > populations > ecosystems > communites
Communites > populations > ecosystems > individuals
Ecosystems > communites > individuals > communities
Populations > communities > individuals > ecosystems
None of the above correctly shows the order from lowest to highest
2.5 billion; 5.2 billion
2.8 billion; 4.4 billion
550 million; 7.4 billion
4.3 billion; 6.7 billion
1.6 billion; 6.1 billion
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Test the effectiveness of conservation plans
Demonstrate the effective population size of an endangered species
Graph changes in a population over time
Estimate the death rate of the population from one generation to the next
Predict or explain changes in an organisms abundance from one generation to the next
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2.5 billion
650 million
1.6 billion
4.8 billion
850 million
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Unrelated to age
Lower after the organisms survive to the critical age of establishment
Usually correlated with density-independent causes
Higher in post-reproductive than in pre-reproductive years
More or less constant throughout their lives
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Change from nomadic to a more settled life style, making larger families more manageable
Changes in nutrition during the agricultural revolution that caused an increase in death rate
Cultural changes leading to a breakdown of mechanisms that controlled the birth rate
An increased division labor, leading to stratification of social classes
A decreased vulnerablility to infectious disease in agricultural communities
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The pair of elephants will leave more, because any individual elephant born is more likely to survive to become an adult and reproduce
The pair of rabbits will leave more, because they reach sexual maturity more rapidly
If both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce
The pair of elephants will leave more, because healthy elephants often have twins
The pair of rabbits will leave more, because they have so many more offspring per breeding season than do the pair of elephants
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High birth rates and low death rates
High birth rates and high death rates
Low birth rates and low death rates
No births and no deaths
None of the above is correct
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Includes a decrease in the death rate followed by a decrease in the birth rate as a population becomes industrialized
Includes an increase in birth rate and then an increase in death rate
Occurs in predator-prey pairs, such as the lynx and hare, whose population sizes cycle regularly
Includes a decrease in the birth rate followed by a decrease in the death rate as a population becomes industrialized
Is characterized by an increase in a populations growth rate
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Humans are currently living in all potentials habitats offered on Earth
Technological innovations usually decrease carrying capacity
Quality of life is rarely a factor used in determining the carrying capacity
The united states is a model country when it comes to sustainable living
Some countries have more resources than their populations can currently use
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It is relatively low when populations have few predators
It is responsible for the rate of aging among the individuals in a population
It is a measure of organisms' risk of death from external sources
It is a measure of how quickly the indivduals in a population age
It is higher for a population of porcupines than for a population of guinea pigs
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The logistic model of growth incorporates enviromental limitations on population size
Expontential growth models include consideration of a populations carrying capacity
Long-term expontential growth is more commonly observed than long-term logisitic growth in nature
Logistic growth requires a large population
Logistic growth models take the populations age-structure into account
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Cold exposure due to suitable nesting sites being occupied
Variable winter weather
Fire
Flooding
Reduced food avaliablity due to drought
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Delayed sexual maturation
A female-biased sex ratio
Increased egg size
Increased egg number
Bright colors and courtship displays
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Approaches the carrying capacity
Is always approaching zero
Is constant
Is ever-increasing
Approaches zero after the population reaches one-half the carrying capacity
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Longer-lived flies died more quickly when removed from "ideal" living conditions
Longer-lived flies aged more quickly when removed from "ideal" living conditions
Longer-lived flies laid their eggs earlier than short-lived flies
Longer-lived flies accumulated a greater number of mutations in their genomes
None of the above are correct
Incorrect; the tradeoff exists between the size of the offspring and the amount of care the parent can provide
Incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and the size of the offspring an organism can have
Correct; this is referred to as the "cost of reproduction"
Correct; this is one of the inherent tradeoffs in life history strategies
Incorrect; tradeoffs exist between the number of offspring and its size
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