Bentley Ch. 37 Test

The regime of the Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was overthrown because he alienated conservative Shia Muslims with his secular reforms. Additionally, his repressive policies alienated leftist politicians. Moreover, he allowed U.S. corporations to heavily influence the economy, which further fueled dissatisfaction among the Iranian population. Lastly, his allowance of heavy U.S. military and economic involvement in Iran also contributed to the discontent and eventual overthrow of his regime. Therefore, all of these statements are correct in explaining the reasons behind the overthrow of the Iranian Shah's regime.

All of these statements are correct. The Sharpeville massacre in 1960, where peaceful protestors were killed by the police, led to a new era of radical activism against apartheid. The international community imposed economic sanctions against South Africa, which put pressure on the government to change its policies. President de Klerk played a crucial role in dismantling the apartheid system and initiating free elections. The African National Congress (ANC) was a prominent organization that provided a platform for resistance against apartheid. Together, these factors contributed to the end of apartheid in South Africa.

The conflicts between native Kikuyu and British settlers intensified in Kenya after World War II because the white settlers had seized the best farmlands for years, and the Kikuyu had been crowded onto tribal reserves and reduced to the status of wage laborers. This created a significant disparity in land ownership and economic opportunities, leading to increased tensions and conflicts between the two groups.

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Gandhi and Nehru opposed the partition of India because they believed that India could be a successful multicultural state. They advocated for a united India where people of different religions and cultures could coexist harmoniously. They believed in the principles of unity, tolerance, and inclusivity, and saw the diversity of India as a strength rather than a weakness. They were committed to the idea of a secular and democratic India, where all citizens would have equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their religious or cultural background.

Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu extremist. This is a well-known fact in history. Gandhi, who was a prominent leader in the Indian independence movement, advocated for non-violence and peace. However, his efforts were met with opposition from some Hindu extremists who disagreed with his views and policies. One such extremist, Nathuram Godse, assassinated Gandhi in 1948, believing that Gandhi's actions favored Muslims and were detrimental to Hindu interests. This tragic event had a significant impact on India's history and continues to be remembered as a dark chapter in the country's struggle for independence.

Gandhi predicted that "rivers of blood" would flow in the wake of the creation of Pakistan. This prediction was based on the religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims during the partition of India in 1947. The partition led to widespread violence and communal riots, resulting in the displacement and killing of millions of people. Gandhi's prediction proved to be true as the creation of Pakistan led to a massive loss of life and severe communal unrest in the region.

Gamal Abdel Nasser gained great international prestige when he succeeded in retaking the Suez Canal from the British. This event, known as the Suez Crisis, occurred in 1956 when Nasser nationalized the canal, which was previously controlled by the British and French. Nasser's successful retaking of the canal demonstrated his ability to assert Egyptian independence and challenge Western imperialism. It also solidified his position as a prominent leader in the Arab world and garnered support from other nations seeking to break free from colonial control.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Argentina was under the rule of military dictators who were responsible for the "disappearance" of thousands of people. This suggests that the country was not moving towards a multiparty system or experimenting with a communist system, and it was not invaded by a Chilean puppet dictator. The military dictators' actions caused a significant impact on the country's political and social landscape during this period.

In both Guatemala and Nicaragua in the 1950s and 1960s, the United States supported military dictatorships that were anticommunist. This means that the United States provided support and assistance to these military regimes because they were opposed to communism. This support may have included financial aid, military training, or political backing. The United States saw these dictatorships as a way to prevent the spread of communism in the region, even if it meant supporting undemocratic regimes.

During the Cultural Revolution in China, the educated elite were persecuted and their talents were deprived. This was a deliberate action by the government to suppress intellectualism and maintain control over the population. By targeting and persecuting the educated class, the government aimed to eliminate potential opposition and maintain ideological conformity. As a result, China suffered a loss of valuable expertise and knowledge, which had long-term consequences for the country's development and progress.

Indira Gandhi was assassinated because she permitted an attack on Sikh extremists at the sacred Golden Temple. This decision angered the Sikh community, as the Golden Temple is a highly revered site for Sikhs. The attack, known as Operation Blue Star, was carried out in 1984 to remove Sikh militants who had taken refuge in the temple. However, the operation resulted in significant damage to the temple and the loss of many innocent lives, leading to widespread outrage among Sikhs. As a result, two of her Sikh bodyguards assassinated her in retaliation.

Arab nationalism failed to materialize due to various reasons, including the fact that some Arabs are Shia and some Sunni Muslims, which created religious divisions. Additionally, not all Arabs agreed on the status of Israel, leading to further fragmentation. Moreover, some Arab states aligned with the United States and some with the Soviet Union, causing geopolitical divisions. However, the statement that they shared a common language and culture cannot be considered as a reason for the failure of Arab nationalism, as it would have been a unifying factor rather than a hindrance.

The French fought to retain Algeria because there were two million French settlers in Algeria. The large number of French settlers in the country meant that there was a significant French presence and influence in Algeria. The French government wanted to maintain control over the territory to protect the interests and safety of its citizens living there.

In "The Wretched of the Earth," Frantz Fanon passionately defended the use of violence against colonial oppressors. He argued that violence was necessary for the colonized people to reclaim their humanity and overthrow the oppressive colonial systems. Fanon believed that non-violence would only perpetuate the cycle of oppression and that violence was a means of resistance and liberation. He advocated for a violent revolution as a way to dismantle colonial power structures and achieve true independence and freedom.

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 promised that Palestine would become a homeland for immigrant Jews. This declaration, issued by the British government, expressed support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It was seen as a significant step towards the eventual creation of the state of Israel. The declaration did not address the rights or aspirations of the Arab population in Palestine, which later led to conflicts between the Jewish immigrants and the Arab residents.

The correct answer is that Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1947 because they could not resolve the conflict between Palestinians and Jews. This conflict had been escalating for years, and Britain, as the mandated power, was unable to find a satisfactory solution that would satisfy both parties. The inability to mediate the conflict effectively led to their decision to withdraw. The other statements are not entirely incorrect but do not fully capture the main reason for Britain's withdrawal.

Deng Xiaoping is known for bringing free market reforms to China. He played a crucial role in modernizing the Chinese economy by introducing policies that encouraged private enterprise, foreign investment, and market competition. These reforms, implemented in the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to significant economic growth and development in China, transforming it into one of the world's major economic powers. Deng Xiaoping's reforms opened up China to global trade and investment, paving the way for its integration into the global economy.

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