Bentley Ch. 26 Test
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- 1.
The use of mandarins who traveled throughout China overseeing the implementation of Ming imperial dictates is most comparable to which of the following non-Chinese imperial institutions?
- A.
Persia's ghazi
- B.
Harun al Rashid's caliphs
- C.
Byzantine Emperor Justinian's themes
- D.
Charlemagne's missi dominici
Correct Answer
D. Charlemagne's missi dominiciExplanation
The use of mandarins who traveled throughout China overseeing the implementation of Ming imperial dictates is most comparable to Charlemagne's missi dominici. Both the mandarins and the missi dominici were officials appointed by the central authority who were responsible for ensuring the enforcement of imperial policies and maintaining control over the provinces. They acted as representatives of the emperor and had the authority to inspect and report on the local administration. Just like the mandarins, the missi dominici played a crucial role in maintaining the unity and power of the empire by ensuring the loyalty and obedience of the local officials.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Chinese history and technology?
- A.
As the world's largest nation, China has always set the mark for technological innovation and progress.
- B.
In the Ming and Qing eras, Chinese technological innovation was limited, but during the Tang and Song dynasties China led the world in technological advances.
- C.
In the Tang and Song eras, Chinese technological innovation was limited, but during the Ming and Qing eras, China led the world in technological advances.
- D.
In the Tang and Song eras, technological innovation was directly tied to silk and porcelain production, but during the Ming and Qing eras, technology was tied to the expanding maritime trade.
Correct Answer
B. In the Ming and Qing eras, Chinese technological innovation was limited, but during the Tang and Song dynasties China led the world in technological advances.Explanation
During the Tang and Song dynasties, China was at the forefront of technological advances. However, in the Ming and Qing eras, Chinese technological innovation was limited. This suggests that there was a decline in technological progress during the later periods compared to the earlier ones.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Which group is most responsible for bringing social change to China during the Qing era and to Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
- A.
Soldiers
- B.
Merchants
- C.
Nobles
- D.
Farmers
Correct Answer
B. MerchantsExplanation
During the Qing era in China and the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, merchants played a significant role in bringing social change. As the economy grew and trade flourished, merchants accumulated wealth and gained influence. They formed guilds and associations, which allowed them to exert political and economic pressure on the ruling classes. Merchants also introduced new ideas, technologies, and cultural influences through their interactions with foreign traders. Their economic power and ability to challenge traditional social hierarchies made them instrumental in driving social change during these periods.Rate this question:
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- 4.
When comparing the Ottoman empire to the imperial achievements of China, which of the following is the best statement?
- A.
The Ottoman imperial household resembled the imperial households of most Chinese emperors with its intention to meet the administrative and personal goals of the emperor.
- B.
The Ottoman empire in its early years closely resembled the drive and achievements of most Chinese dynasties.
- C.
The Ottoman use of a strong standing army approximates the armies of post Han dynasties as they expanded into other regions of central Asia.
- D.
The Ottoman emperor ruled solely from a position of military power and prestige while the Ming emperors ruled form a position of divine right.
Correct Answer
A. The Ottoman imperial household resembled the imperial households of most Chinese emperors with its intention to meet the administrative and personal goals of the emperor.Explanation
The correct answer states that the Ottoman imperial household resembled the imperial households of most Chinese emperors in terms of meeting the administrative and personal goals of the emperor. This suggests that both the Ottoman empire and the Chinese emperors had similar structures and objectives in their imperial households, emphasizing the parallelism between the two empires.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Despite the interdiction against public roles for women in the Islamic empires, the mocking "rule of women" was used to describe what phenomenon?
- A.
Women's roles as artistic and cultural advisers to rulers
- B.
The tendency of rulers to confer with female members of the imperial family
- C.
The dominance of wives over concubines in the harem
- D.
The predominance of women in advisory positions
Correct Answer
B. The tendency of rulers to confer with female members of the imperial familyExplanation
The mocking "rule of women" was used to describe the tendency of rulers to confer with female members of the imperial family. Despite the interdiction against public roles for women in the Islamic empires, this phenomenon allowed women to have influence and play advisory roles in the political decision-making process.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The concept of "alternative attendance" was conceived to
- A.
Restore the powers of the daimyos.
- B.
Restrict the power of the emperor.
- C.
Protect foreign merchants in Japan.
- D.
Restrict the power of the daimyos.
Correct Answer
D. Restrict the power of the daimyos.Explanation
The concept of "alternative attendance" was conceived to restrict the power of the daimyos. This concept was introduced during the Edo period in Japan as a means to control the regional lords, known as daimyos. Under this system, the daimyos were required to spend every other year in the capital city of Edo, leaving their domains and families behind as hostages. This effectively limited their ability to consolidate power and challenge the central authority of the shogunate. By implementing this system, the shogunate aimed to maintain stability and prevent any potential rebellions or uprisings by the daimyos.Rate this question:
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- 7.
In theory, the _?_ controlled Japan during the 12th through mid-19th centuries, but in reality it was the _?_
- A.
Shoguns, emperor
- B.
Emperor, merchants
- C.
Noble class, daimyos
- D.
Emperor, shoguns
Correct Answer
D. Emperor, shogunsExplanation
During the 12th through mid-19th centuries in Japan, the emperor theoretically held the highest authority. However, in reality, it was the shoguns who controlled Japan. The shoguns were military leaders who held real power and governed the country, while the emperor had a more symbolic role. This division of power between the emperor and the shoguns was a characteristic feature of Japan's feudal system during this period.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What changes in popular urban culture developed during the Ming and Qing eras?
- A.
Expansion in the number of urban teahouses
- B.
Growth in the popularity of wine shops
- C.
Development of the trickster character in Chinese literature
- D.
All of these answers are correct
Correct Answer
D. All of these answers are correctExplanation
During the Ming and Qing eras, there were several changes in popular urban culture. One of these changes was the expansion in the number of urban teahouses, which became popular gathering places for socializing and entertainment. Additionally, there was a growth in the popularity of wine shops, indicating a shift in drinking habits and socialization patterns. Furthermore, the development of the trickster character in Chinese literature was another notable change during this time. These changes collectively contributed to the transformation and diversification of popular urban culture in the Ming and Qing eras.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Why did Ming and Qing emperors embrace neo-Confucianism?
- A.
Neo-Confucianism was easily compatible with Christianity as explained by the Jesuits.
- B.
Neo-Confucianism emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to the ruler which paralleled the Ming and Qing emperors' goal of maintaining a stable empire.
- C.
Neo-Confucianism reduced the powerful eunuchs by stressing the importance of family and family values in guiding the empire.
- D.
Neo-Confucianism promoted the role of merchants and commerce as desirable professions which in turn enriched royal treasuries.
Correct Answer
B. Neo-Confucianism emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to the ruler which paralleled the Ming and Qing emperors' goal of maintaining a stable empire.Explanation
The Ming and Qing emperors embraced neo-Confucianism because it aligned with their objective of maintaining a stable empire. Neo-Confucianism emphasized values such as self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to the ruler, which were crucial for ensuring social order and harmony. By promoting these principles, the emperors believed that they could strengthen their authority and control over the empire. This adherence to neo-Confucianism also helped to legitimize their rule and maintain the hierarchical structure of society, which was essential for political stability.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following factions proved most effective in usurping the emperors' rule during the Ming and Qing eras?
- A.
The scholar-gentry
- B.
The eunuchs
- C.
The military commanders
- D.
The farmers
Correct Answer
B. The eunuchsExplanation
During the Ming and Qing eras, the eunuchs proved to be the most effective faction in usurping the emperors' rule. Eunuchs were castrated males who served as palace officials and had direct access to the emperor. They often gained significant influence and power within the imperial court, manipulating the emperors and making important decisions on their behalf. Their proximity to the emperor allowed them to control access to the throne, influence political appointments, and accumulate wealth. This made them a formidable force and a major threat to the emperors' authority.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Chinese civil service exams?
- A.
They were an attempt to diffuse the power of the eunuchs and to insure that the other members of the harem would have full access to influential government posts.
- B.
They were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levels.
- C.
They included a written, oral , and performance element in addition to public testimony as to the candidate's moral and social behaviors.
- D.
They were based on Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist teachings and demanded candidates be able to discuss all elements of the three philosophies.
Correct Answer
B. They were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levels.Explanation
The Chinese civil service exams were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levels. This suggests that the exams were designed to provide equal opportunities for individuals from all backgrounds to enter the civil service. The inclusion of different levels also indicates a hierarchical structure within the civil service, allowing individuals to progress and attain higher positions based on their performance in the exams.Rate this question:
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- 12.
During the late Ming and Qing dynasties, footbinding was MOST COMMONLY practiced among
- A.
Royal concubines and common prostitutes
- B.
Followers of Confucius
- C.
The upper classes
- D.
The middle classes
Correct Answer
C. The upper classesExplanation
During the late Ming and Qing dynasties, footbinding was most commonly practiced among the upper classes. This practice was a symbol of social status and beauty, and it was believed that small, bound feet were desirable and attractive. The upper classes had the means and resources to enforce this tradition, while the lower classes did not have the same access to such luxuries. Additionally, footbinding was seen as a way for women to demonstrate their obedience and submission, which aligned with the values and expectations of the upper classes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
According to the social hierarchy of Ming and Qing China, which of the following groups had the highest social status?
- A.
Soldiers
- B.
Merchants
- C.
Farmers
- D.
Landlords
Correct Answer
C. FarmersExplanation
Farmers had the highest social status according to the social hierarchy of Ming and Qing China. This is because agriculture was considered the foundation of the Chinese society and economy. Farmers were responsible for producing food and sustaining the population, which was highly valued. They were also respected for their connection to the land and their contribution to the stability and prosperity of the country.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following statements is a similarity between Ming and Qing rule in China?
- A.
Both were primarily concerned with maintaining stability in a large agricultural society by adopting traditional Chinese political and cultural policies
- B.
Both identified invasions from northern peoples as the primary threat to China's security and so they invested heavily in re-fortifying the Great Wall
- C.
Both sought to expand China's overseas influence by developing a strong navy, which they could use to develop trade connections and to fight the increasing threat from Japanese pirates
- D.
Both sought to preserve Chinese tradition and culture from outside influences like Christianity and Japanese Buddhism by erecting barriers to cultural interactions with the west and the east
Correct Answer
A. Both were primarily concerned with maintaining stability in a large agricultural society by adopting traditional Chinese political and cultural policiesExplanation
Both the Ming and Qing dynasties in China were primarily focused on maintaining stability in a large agricultural society. They achieved this by adopting traditional Chinese political and cultural policies. This similarity is evident in their approach to governance and their efforts to preserve Chinese traditions and culture. Both dynasties aimed to maintain social order and stability by upholding Confucian values and implementing strict bureaucratic systems. They also sought to maintain the agrarian economy and support the peasantry, which was the backbone of Chinese society. By adopting traditional policies, they aimed to ensure stability and continuity in Chinese society.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Chinese civil service exams?
- A.
They were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levels
- B.
They included a written, oral, and performance element in addition to public testimony
- C.
They were based on Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist teachings and demanded candidates be able to discuss all elements of the three philosophies
- D.
They were restricted to family members of existing civil servants as a means of maintaining social stability
Correct Answer
A. They were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levelsExplanation
The Chinese civil service exams were open to all males regardless of age or social class and included district, provincial, and metropolitan levels. This meant that any male, regardless of their background or social status, had the opportunity to take the exams and potentially enter the civil service. The exams were not restricted to family members of existing civil servants, as the purpose was to provide equal opportunities for all individuals to join the civil service and maintain social stability. The exams also included different levels, allowing individuals to progress and advance in their civil service career.Rate this question:
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