Anatomy Term 2 Quizzes 1-9

The intervertebral foramen is formed by the meeting of the superior and inferior vertebral notches from the vertebra above and below. These notches are indentations on the sides of the vertebrae that align when the vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, creating a passageway for spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord and travel to other parts of the body. The vertebral notches alone do not form the intervertebral foramen; it is the combination of the superior and inferior notches that create this opening.

The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen of all the cervical vertebrae except C7. The transverse foramen is a hole located on the sides of the cervical vertebrae, through which the vertebral artery travels. However, in the case of C7, the transverse foramen is absent, and therefore the vertebral artery does not pass through it.

Uncinate processes are the upward bony projections on the posterolateral rims of the vertebral body of the cervical vertebrae. These processes serve as important landmarks for various anatomical structures, including the uncovertebral joints, which are involved in limiting excessive movement and providing stability to the cervical spine. The uncinate processes also contribute to the formation of the intervertebral foramen, through which the spinal nerves pass. These processes play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of the cervical vertebrae.

L5 refers to the fifth lumbar vertebra, which is the largest vertebra in the human body. The vertebrae are the bones that make up the spine and are numbered from top to bottom. The L5 vertebra is located in the lower back, just above the sacrum. It is larger and stronger than the other lumbar vertebrae to support the weight of the upper body and provide stability to the lower back.

The root of the spine of the scapula serves as a landmark for identifying the location of Rib 3 or R3 in the typical anatomical position. This means that by locating the root of the spine of the scapula, one can also determine the position of the third rib.

The inferior angle of the scapula is a landmark for Rib 7 or R7. This means that the inferior angle of the scapula can be used as a reference point to locate or identify the position of the 7th rib in the body.

The atlanto-axial joint is classified as a pivot joint, which allows for rotation. This type of joint consists of a rounded surface of one bone fitting into a ring-shaped structure of another bone. This design allows for a high degree of rotational movement, such as the rotation of the head from side to side.

The alar ligament attaches the dens (the bony projection on the second cervical vertebra) to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum (the opening at the base of the skull). This ligament helps to stabilize the dens and maintain the alignment of the cervical spine.

The facet orientation in the lumbar spine is more in the sagittal plane. This means that the facet joints in the lumbar spine are aligned more vertically, allowing for flexion and extension movements in the sagittal plane. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves, and movements in this plane include bending forward (flexion) and backward (extension). The facet orientation in the lumbar spine supports these movements, allowing for flexion and extension of the lower back.

Costochondral joints connect the lateral end of each costal cartilage to the cup-shaped anterior end of its associated rib. These joints allow for slight movement and flexibility in the ribcage, helping to accommodate breathing and other movements of the chest. The term "costochondral" refers specifically to the connection between the rib and the cartilage, highlighting the importance of this joint in maintaining the structure and function of the ribcage.

The superior attachment of the rectus abdominis muscle is to the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process. This means that the muscle connects to the lower part of the sternum (xiphoid process) and the cartilages of the 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs.

The larynx is the correct answer because it is the area in the throat where sound and voice production occur. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate and produce sound when air passes through them. The larynx also plays a role in swallowing and preventing food or liquid from entering the airway.

The base of the anterior cervical triangle is the mandible. The anterior cervical triangle is a region in the neck that is bounded by the anterior midline of the neck, the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the inferior border of the mandible. The mandible forms the lower boundary of this triangle, making it the base.

The longissimus muscle is the erector spinae muscle that is most readily visible and easily palpated.

The fibres of the transversus abdominis muscle interdigitate with the diaphragm. This means that the muscle fibers of the transversus abdominis muscle intertwine or overlap with the fibers of the diaphragm. This interdigitation allows for a strong connection between these two muscles, which is important for stabilizing the core and assisting in breathing.

The aponeurotic attachments of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus combine to form a connective tissue sheath known as the rectus sheath. This sheath surrounds and supports the rectus abdominis muscle, which is commonly referred to as the "six-pack" muscle. The rectus sheath helps to protect and stabilize the underlying structures of the abdomen and provides a strong foundation for movement and core stability.

The rectus abdominis muscles, commonly known as the "abs," are separated by the linea alba. The linea alba is a band of connective tissue that runs vertically down the center of the abdomen, from the sternum to the pubic bone. It provides support and stability to the abdominal muscles and helps maintain the integrity of the abdominal wall.

During expiration, the diaphragm sits at approximately the 4th intercostal space. This is because the diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing air to be expelled from the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, reaching the 6th intercostal space. This creates more space in the thoracic cavity, allowing air to enter the lungs.

The muscular fibers of the diaphragm come together in a radial pattern and form a strong aponeurotic tendon, which is known as the central tendon. This tendon plays a crucial role in the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, allowing for proper breathing and the movement of air in and out of the lungs. It serves as an anchor point for the diaphragm and helps maintain its shape and stability during respiration.

During expiration, the diaphragm moves superiorly. This is because expiration is the process of exhaling air from the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts and moves upwards, it reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing the air to be pushed out of the lungs. This upward movement of the diaphragm during expiration helps in the expulsion of air and the relaxation of the respiratory muscles.

During inspiration, the ribs are raised and move laterally, which increases the transverse dimension of the thorax. This movement is commonly referred to as the "bucket handle" movement.

The sciatic nerve is formed by the combination of the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve within the same sheath. These two nerves join together in the pelvis and then travel down the back of the thigh, branching out to supply sensation and motor function to the lower leg and foot. The tibial nerve primarily innervates the posterior compartment of the leg, while the common peroneal nerve innervates the anterior and lateral compartments. Together, they form the sciatic nerve, which is the longest and thickest nerve in the body.

The gluteus maximus muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. The term "inferior" refers to the location of the nerve in relation to the muscle. The inferior gluteal nerve originates from the sacral plexus and provides motor innervation to the gluteus maximus muscle, which is the largest muscle in the buttocks. This nerve plays a crucial role in the contraction and movement of the gluteus maximus, allowing for actions such as hip extension and external rotation.

The floor of the femoral triangle is composed of the pectineus and adductor longus muscles. These two muscles work together to provide support and stability to the femoral triangle. The pectineus muscle is located at the upper part of the triangle, while the adductor longus muscle is located at the lower part. Together, they form the floor of the femoral triangle and play a crucial role in the movement and function of the hip and thigh.

The common peroneal nerve is most susceptible to injury at the fibular head because it is located superficially and passes over the bony prominence of the fibular head. This makes it more vulnerable to direct trauma or compression at this site. Injuries to the common peroneal nerve at the fibular head can result in symptoms such as foot drop, numbness or tingling in the lower leg and foot, and weakness in ankle and toe movements.

The tibial nerve innervates all of the muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. This nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve and provides motor innervation to the muscles, allowing them to contract and perform their respective functions. The muscles in this compartment include the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, and popliteus. The tibial nerve also provides sensory innervation to the skin on the sole of the foot, making it an important nerve for both motor and sensory functions in the leg.

The correct answer is levator ani, coccygeus. The pelvic diaphragm is composed of two muscles, the levator ani and the coccygeus. These muscles work together to support the pelvic organs and help control bladder and bowel movements. The levator ani muscle forms the main part of the pelvic diaphragm and consists of three parts: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus. The coccygeus muscle is located behind the levator ani and provides additional support to the pelvic floor.

A suture is a line of union in an immovable articulation. In the context of this question, a suture refers to the fibrous joint found between certain bones in the skull where they are tightly joined together. This type of joint allows for very little movement and provides stability to the skull. Therefore, the correct answer is suture.

The most superior and posterior aspect of the mandible is referred to as "the head." This is the rounded portion of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone of the skull, forming the temporomandibular joint. The head of the mandible plays a crucial role in allowing movements of the lower jaw, such as opening and closing the mouth, chewing, and speaking.

The angle of the mandible refers to the point where the lower edge of the ramus (the vertical part of the mandible) and the back edge of the body (the horizontal part of the mandible) come together. This angle is an important landmark in the anatomy of the mandible and is easily palpable on the lower jaw.

The area on the frontal bone above the eye socket that serves as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels is known as the supraorbital foramen. This opening allows for the transmission of important structures, such as the supraorbital nerve and artery, which provide sensory innervation and blood supply to the forehead and scalp.

The articular tubercle is a protrusion located inferiorly that plays a role in the correct biomechanical movements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It is involved in the proper functioning of the joint, allowing for smooth and coordinated motions during activities such as chewing and speaking.

The correct answer is malleus, incus, stapes. The question is asking for the correct order of the 3 ossicles found in the tympanic cavity within the temporal bone. The correct order is malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). These three small bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear, allowing us to hear.

The pituitary gland is housed in the sella turcica, which is a depression in the sphenoid bone located in the middle cranial fossa. The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped structure that provides protection and support for the pituitary gland, which is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates the secretion of various hormones in the body.

The crista galli is a superior projecting ride of bone that serves as the attachment point for the falx cerebri. The falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. The crista galli is located in the ethmoid bone, which is part of the skull. It projects superiorly from the cribriform plate and provides stability and support for the falx cerebri.

Bregma is the correct answer because it is the anatomical term used to describe the junction point where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet. It is located on the top of the skull, towards the anterior part. The coronal suture runs horizontally from one side of the skull to the other, separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones. The sagittal suture runs vertically along the midline of the skull, separating the two parietal bones. Bregma is an important landmark in neuroanatomy and is used as a reference point for various measurements and procedures.

The majority of the hard palate is formed by the meeting of the two palatine processes of the maxilla. The maxilla is a bone that forms the upper jaw and plays a crucial role in the structure of the hard palate. The palatine processes of the maxilla contribute to the formation of the anterior part of the hard palate, which is the bony structure that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is maxilla.

The cranial nerve responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscles of the eye is the abducens nerve, also known as cranial nerve VI or simply as 6. This nerve is responsible for the abduction movement of the eye, which means it allows the eye to move laterally away from the midline of the body.

After the two vertebral arteries travel through the foramen magnum, they come together and merge to form the basilar artery. This artery is an important blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebral hemispheres. The merging of the vertebral arteries into the basilar artery occurs at the base of the brain, and from there, the basilar artery continues to branch out and supply blood to various regions of the brain.

During the beginning to midrange of mandibular depression, the head would be expected to undergo some forward translation in the mandibular fossa, indicating movement of the condyle along the articular eminence. However, the primary movement observed is rotation, which refers to the pivoting of the condyle within the fossa. This combination of forward translation and rotation allows for smooth and coordinated jaw movement during mandibular depression.

The maxilla forms the majority of the upper jaw and contributes to the floor of the orbital socket. The inferior aspect refers to the lower part of the socket, indicating that the maxilla is responsible for this region.

The muscle Orbicularis Oris is responsible for the action of kissing and whistling. It is a circular muscle located around the mouth, and its contraction helps in puckering the lips for kissing or shaping the mouth for whistling. The other options listed (surprise, frowning, contempt, creature from the black lagoon) do not match the action or emotion associated with the Orbicularis Oris muscle.

The occipitofrontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows and creating forehead wrinkles. This muscle is activated during the expression of surprise, which involves raising the eyebrows and widening the eyes. The other options listed do not correspond to the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle.

Ribs 1, 11, and 12 are not connected to a disc. This means that these ribs do not articulate or attach to the sternum through a cartilaginous connection. Instead, they are considered "floating ribs" as they only attach to the vertebrae in the back and do not have any direct connection to the sternum. Therefore, the statement is true.

The geniohyoid muscle is responsible for the elevation of the hyoid bone when the superior attachment is fixed. The geniohyoid muscle is located in the neck and connects the chin to the hyoid bone. When it contracts, it pulls the hyoid bone upward, contributing to the elevation of the hyoid.

The rotatores muscle is the deepest muscle in the laminar groove. This muscle is located in the spine and is responsible for rotating and stabilizing the vertebrae. It is situated deep within the layers of muscles in the laminar groove, making it the correct answer. The other muscles listed, such as the multifidus, semispinalis, and intertransversarii, are also located in the spine but are not as deep as the rotatores muscle in the laminar groove.

The correct answer is Iliocostalis because it is the most lateral paraspinal muscle. The paraspinal muscles are located on either side of the spine and help support and stabilize the spine. The Iliocostalis muscle is the furthest away from the spine and runs along the lateral aspect of the back. It extends from the pelvis to the ribs and assists in movements such as lateral flexion and extension of the spine. The other options, Longissimus, Spinalis, and Interspinales, are also paraspinal muscles but are located more medially compared to Iliocostalis.

The tibialis anterior muscle is not innervated by the tibial nerve. It is actually innervated by the deep fibular nerve, which is a branch of the common fibular nerve. The tibial nerve primarily innervates the posterior compartment of the leg. Therefore, the statement that the tibialis anterior is innervated by the tibial nerve is false.

When the scapula is elevated, the medial end of the clavicle moves inferiorly. This is because the clavicle is connected to the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint, and when the scapula moves upward, it pulls the clavicle downward. This downward movement of the clavicle is referred to as depression or inferior movement.

The sphenoid bone forms the posterior aspect of the orbital socket. The orbital socket is a bony cavity that houses and protects the eyeball. The sphenoid bone is a complex bone located at the base of the skull and is involved in the formation of several important structures, including the orbits. The posterior aspect of the orbital socket refers to the back part of the socket, which is formed by the sphenoid bone.