Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 7

The given answer, Coccyx, is correct because the description provided matches the characteristics of the coccyx bone. The coccyx is made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae, commonly known as the tailbone. It articulates superiorly with the sacrum, which is the triangular bone at the base of the spine. Therefore, the correct bone name based on the given information is the coccyx.

The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb. It articulates superiorly with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the shoulder joint. Additionally, it articulates inferiorly with the radius and ulna, forming the elbow joint.

The bone that is being described in the given information is the sacrum. The sacrum is made up of 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5) and forms the posterior wall of the pelvis. It articulates with the L5 vertebra superiorly and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones laterally.

The ulna is the correct answer because it is the medial bone in the forearm and forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus. The ulna runs parallel to the radius and is located on the inner side of the forearm. It helps to stabilize the forearm and provides attachment for muscles that control movement of the wrist and fingers.

The given information describes the characteristics of the radius bone in the forearm. The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm, meaning it is located on the thumb side. Its head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus (upper arm bone) and the radial notch of the ulna (the other bone in the forearm). Additionally, the radius is connected to the ulna by the interosseous membrane, which runs along the entire length of both bones. Therefore, the correct answer is "Radius."

The correct answer is cranial bones. Cranial bones provide attachment for the head and neck. These bones form the structure of the skull and protect the brain. They include the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The cranial bones are responsible for providing support and protection to the brain and also serve as attachment points for muscles involved in head and neck movement.

The correct answer is facial because the site of attachment for teeth and muscles is primarily located in the face. The facial bones, such as the maxilla and mandible, provide the attachment points for teeth, while the facial muscles, like the masseter and orbicularis oris, are responsible for movements involved in chewing and facial expressions. Therefore, the facial region is directly involved in the attachment and functioning of teeth and muscles.

The correct answer is Axis. The axis is the second cervical vertebra in the spine. It has a bony projection called the dens or odontoid process, which extends superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas (the first cervical vertebra). This dens acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas, allowing for the movement of the head.

The tibia is the correct answer because it is the medial leg bone and it receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot.

The fibula is not weight bearing and does not articulate with the femur. It is primarily a site of muscle attachment and is connected to the tibia by the interosseous membrane. It articulates with the tibia via the proximal and distal tibiofibular joints.

The coccyx is the correct answer because it is the terminus or the end of the vertebral column. The vertebral column is made up of several vertebrae, and the coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the final segment of these vertebrae. It consists of three to five fused vertebrae and is located at the bottom of the spine. The coccyx plays a role in supporting the body while sitting and also serves as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments.

The given characteristics of short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and orientation of articular facets that lock lumbar vertebrae together suggest that the correct answer is Lumbar. These features are specific to the lumbar vertebrae and help to distinguish them from other vertebrae in the spine.

The given description matches the structure and function of the sternum. The sternum is composed of three fused bones: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs, while the body articulates with the costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7. The xiphoid process serves as a site of muscle attachment and is not fully ossified until around the age of 40. Therefore, the correct answer is sternum.

The male pelvis is adapted for support of a heavier build and stronger muscles compared to the female pelvis. It is tilted less forward and has a narrow and deep cavity in the true pelvis. These adaptations are necessary to accommodate the physical differences between males and females, such as the larger size and greater strength of males.

The vertebral column, also known as the spine or spinal column, is a flexible curved structure consisting of 26 irregular bones called vertebrae. It surrounds and protects the spinal cord, which is a vital part of the nervous system. Additionally, the vertebral column transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs, providing support and stability to the body.

The correct answer is the frontal bone. The frontal bone is located in the anterior portion of the cranium and makes up most of the anterior cranial fossa. It also forms the superior wall of the orbits and contains the air-filled frontal sinus.

The correct answer is mandible. The mandible is the lower jaw bone and is the largest and strongest bone in the face. It is responsible for the movement of the jaw and is connected to the skull by the temporomandibular joint, which is the only freely movable joint in the skull.

The thoracic cage is composed of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs with their costal cartilages. It functions to protect the vital organs of the thoracic cavity, support the shoulder girdle and upper limbs, and provide attachment sites for many muscles, including the intercostal muscles used during breathing. The correct answer is "Thoracic cage" because it accurately describes the structure and functions mentioned in the given information.

The suture that lies between the parietal and temporal bones on each side of the skull is called the squamous suture. This suture is a type of fibrous joint that connects these two bones and allows for slight movement. It is named "squamous" due to the scale-like appearance of the overlapping edges of the bones at this suture. The squamous suture is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the skull and protecting the underlying brain.

The pectoral girdle refers to the clavicles and scapulae, which attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. They also provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs. Therefore, the pectoral girdle is the correct answer because it encompasses both the clavicles and scapulae and their functions in relation to the upper limbs and axial skeleton.

The bone described in the question is the sphenoid bone. It is a complex, bat-shaped bone that acts as a keystone bone in the cranial skeleton, articulating with all other cranial bones. It has three pairs of processes, including the greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes.

The ethmoid bone is the correct answer because it is the deepest skull bone, forms the superior part of the nasal septum and the roof of the nasal cavities, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbits.

The given answer, "Pelvic girdle," is the correct answer because the information provided describes the function and structure of the pelvic girdle. The pelvic girdle, also known as the hip bones or coxal bones, attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the pelvic organs. It is made up of the fused bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, and along with the sacrum and coccyx, forms the bony pelvis. Therefore, the answer accurately identifies the term that encompasses all the information provided.

The hyoid bone is not a bone of the skull and does not articulate directly with another bone. It is located in the neck and serves as the site of attachment for muscles involved in swallowing and speech.

The given correct answer is "Occipital Bone". The explanation for this answer is that the occipital bone is located at the posterior part of the skull and forms the posterior wall of the skull and the posterior cranial fossa. It articulates with the first vertebra, known as the atlas, and provides attachment sites for the ligamentum nuchae and various neck and back muscles.

The sacrum is the bone that is inferior to the lumbar vertebrae. It is a triangular-shaped bone located at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae are the five vertebrae that are found in the lower back region of the spine. Therefore, the sacrum is the correct answer as it is the bone that is positioned below the lumbar vertebrae.

The coronal suture is the correct answer because it is the suture that lies between the parietal bones and the frontal bone. Sutures are fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull, and the coronal suture specifically runs horizontally from one side of the skull to the other, separating the frontal bone from the parietal bones. It is named after its resemblance to a crown when viewed from above.

The given answer, Temporal Bone, is correct because the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor are indeed associated with the Temporal Bone. The Temporal Bone consists of four major regions: Squamous, Tympanic, Mastoid, and Petrous. Therefore, Temporal Bone is the appropriate bone that matches the given description.

The given characteristics of the vertebra, such as articulation with ribs at facets and demifacets, a long spinous process, and the location of articular facets allowing rotation, are all specific to the thoracic vertebrae. Therefore, the correct answer is thoracic.

The given description matches the characteristics of the scapula. The scapula is situated on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7. It is flat and triangular in shape, with three borders and three angles. The scapula also has seven large fossae, which are named according to their location. Therefore, the correct answer is scapula.

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The sagittal suture is the correct answer because it is the suture that runs along the midline of the skull, separating the right and left parietal bones. This suture is important for the growth and development of the skull, as well as providing stability and protection to the brain.

The given description of the vertebrae matches the characteristics of the Atlas vertebrae. The Atlas is the first cervical vertebrae and is unique in that it lacks a body and spinous process. Instead, it consists of anterior and posterior arches, as well as two lateral masses. The superior surfaces of the lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles, allowing for the nodding motion of the head. Therefore, the correct answer is Atlas.

Sutural bones are tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures. Sutures are the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull, and sutural bones can sometimes be found within these joints. These bones are not present in every individual and can vary in number and shape. They are considered to be accessory bones and are thought to result from the incomplete fusion of the bones of the skull during development. Sutural bones are typically harmless and do not cause any functional issues.

The axial skeleton system consists of the bones that make up the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It provides support and protection for vital organs. The statement "80 bones" indicates that the axial skeleton system contains a total of 80 bones.

The lower limb carries the weight of the body and is subjected to exceptional forces. It is divided into three segments: the thigh, leg, and foot. The thigh consists of the femur, the leg consists of the tibia and fibula, and the foot consists of the tarsal bones in the ankle, metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and phalanges in the toes.

The correct answer is "Appendicular skeleton." The appendicular skeleton refers to the bones of the limbs and their girdles. The pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk, while the pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs. The appendicular skeleton is responsible for the movement and support of the body's limbs and plays a crucial role in locomotion.

The vertebral arch is composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with the centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen. The pedicles are short, thick processes that connect the vertebral body to the laminae, which are thin, flat plates that extend from the pedicles to form the posterior portion of the vertebral arch. Together, the pedicles and laminae create a bony ring that surrounds and protects the spinal cord within the vertebral foramen. Therefore, the vertebral arch is the correct answer to the question.

The given list includes various bones of the face, such as the mandible, maxillary bones, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, vomer, and inferior nasal conchae. All of these bones are part of the facial bone structure. Therefore, the correct answer is Facial Bone.

The lacrimal bones are located in the medial walls of the orbits. They are responsible for housing the lacrimal sac, which is involved in the production and drainage of tears.

The palatine bones are located in the posterior one-third of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits. Therefore, the correct answer is Palatine Bones.

The vertebral foramina are the openings in the vertebrae that, when stacked together, form the vertebral canal. The vertebral canal houses and protects the spinal cord. Therefore, the statement "Together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord" is a correct explanation for the term "vertebral foramina."

The correct answer is Vomer Bone. The vomer bone is located in the lower part of the nasal septum and has a plow-shaped appearance. It helps to separate the nasal passages and support the nasal structure.

The question is asking for the name of the bone that includes the cheekbones and the inferolateral margins of the orbits. The correct answer is the Zygomatic Bones. The zygomatic bones are located in the face and contribute to the structure of the cheekbones and the sides of the eye sockets. They are commonly referred to as the cheekbones and play a role in facial symmetry and support.

The anterior weight-bearing region refers to the part of the body or centrum that bears the majority of the weight. This could be the front portion of the body or the central part of the body's structure, such as the vertebral centrum.

The lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow the spinal nerves to pass through are called intervertebral foramina. These foramina are formed by the alignment of the vertebral notches on the superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent vertebrae. The spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through these openings and then branch out to innervate different regions of the body.

The question is asking for the three major regions of the Axial Skeleton. The Axial Skeleton consists of the skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. The skull includes the bones of the cranium and the facial bones. The thoracic cage includes the ribs and sternum. The vertebral column consists of the vertebrae, which protect the spinal cord. These three regions are essential for providing support and protection to the vital organs of the body.

The correct answer is cranial facial bones. The skull is made up of two sets of bones, the cranial bones and the facial bones. The cranial bones form the structure of the skull and protect the brain, while the facial bones make up the structure of the face. Together, these two sets of bones provide support and protection for the head and face.

The clavicles are bones that connect the scapulae (shoulder blades) to the sternum (breastbone). The flattened acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle articulates with the scapula, while the cone-shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum. The clavicles act as braces, holding the scapulae and arms out laterally, allowing for a wide range of movement in the shoulder joint.

The nasal bones are responsible for forming the bridge of the nose. They are two small, oblong bones that are located at the upper part of the nose, between the frontal bone and the maxilla. These bones contribute to the overall shape and structure of the nose, providing support and stability.