American History Chapter 4

An apprentice is someone who is learning a craft from an experienced craftsman. This means that they are being trained and mentored by someone who has expertise in a specific trade or skill. The apprentice gains practical experience and knowledge under the guidance of the craftsman, allowing them to develop their skills and eventually become skilled in that particular craft themselves.

The Enlightenment refers to a period in history where there was a belief that knowledge, reason, and science could bring about progress and improve society. During this time, thinkers and philosophers emphasized the importance of reason and rationality in understanding and shaping the world. They advocated for the use of scientific methods to study and solve problems, as well as the spread of education and knowledge. This movement challenged traditional beliefs and authority, promoting the idea that human beings could use their intellect to create a better society.

An alliance refers to a team or union of people who come together to work towards a common goal. It involves individuals or groups joining forces and pooling their resources, skills, and efforts to achieve a shared objective. This can be seen in various contexts, such as business alliances, political alliances, or alliances between countries for mutual benefit and cooperation. The key aspect of an alliance is the collaborative and cooperative nature, where individuals or groups work together towards a common purpose.

In the colonies, only white men who owned property were allowed to vote. This restriction was in place to ensure that only those who had a stake in society and were seen as financially responsible were able to participate in the political process. By limiting voting rights to property-owning white men, the colonies aimed to maintain a certain level of privilege and control over the political system.

The Iroquois Confederacy was a powerful group of Native Americans in the East. They formed a political and military alliance consisting of six tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. The confederacy played a significant role in the colonial history of North America, as they had a strong influence on trade, diplomacy, and warfare. They were known for their sophisticated political structure and democratic decision-making process, which served as an inspiration for the formation of the United States government.

The Native Americans assisted the French because they did not try to take away their land. This suggests that the Native Americans saw the French as a more favorable ally compared to the British, who forced them to assist at gunpoint. The promise of money from both the British and the French may have also influenced the Native Americans' decision, but the lack of land threat from the French seems to be the primary reason for their assistance.

Tobacco was the principal cash crop of Maryland and Virginia. This is because the climate and soil conditions in these regions were well-suited for growing tobacco. Additionally, tobacco was in high demand in Europe during the colonial period, making it a profitable crop for farmers in Maryland and Virginia. The cultivation of tobacco played a significant role in the economic development and prosperity of these colonies.

Harvard College was the first college founded in America. It was established in 1636, making it the oldest institution of higher education in the United States. Harvard College played a significant role in shaping the educational landscape of America and has a long history of academic excellence.

The fighting between the French and British in America caused the Seven Years War to begin in Europe. As a result, Britain formed an alliance with Prussia against France. This war had a significant impact on European politics and colonial power struggles, ultimately leading to major territorial shifts and changes in alliances.

The slave codes were a set of rules that dictated the behavior and punishment of slaves. These codes were established to maintain control and ensure the obedience of slaves. They covered various aspects of slave life, including restrictions on movement, education, and social interactions. The codes also outlined severe punishments for any form of resistance or disobedience. These rules were enforced by slave owners and overseers, often resulting in harsh treatment and dehumanization of slaves. The slave codes were a fundamental part of the institution of slavery in the United States and played a significant role in perpetuating the oppression and subjugation of enslaved individuals.

The economic theory of mercantilism states that as a nation's trade grows and it becomes wealthier, its power also increases. This means that a country's economic success and prosperity are directly linked to its power and influence on the global stage. The theory emphasizes the importance of accumulating wealth through trade surpluses, protectionist policies, and the acquisition of colonies to secure resources and markets. By amassing wealth, a nation can strengthen its military, expand its influence, and maintain a dominant position in international affairs.

George Whitefield helped spread The Great Awakening among the colonists. The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that took place in the American colonies in the 18th century. Whitefield, an English Anglican cleric and evangelist, played a crucial role in spreading the movement through his powerful preaching and charismatic personality. He traveled extensively throughout the colonies, delivering passionate sermons that attracted large crowds and inspired many colonists to embrace a more personal and emotional approach to their faith. Whitefield's influence helped to unite the colonists and foster a sense of shared religious experience during a time of significant social and political change.

The Proclamation of 1763 was a decree issued by the British government after the French and Indian War. It stated that the Appalachian Mountains would serve as the temporary western border for the American colonies, prohibiting further westward expansion. This was done to prevent conflicts with Native American tribes and to maintain control over the colonies. The proclamation was met with resistance from American colonists who desired to settle in the newly acquired western territories, contributing to growing tensions between the colonies and Britain.

Subsistence farming refers to the practice of growing crops solely for the purpose of meeting one's own family's needs. In subsistence farming, the focus is on producing enough food to sustain the family and there is no surplus for trade or sale. This type of farming is typically seen in rural areas where access to markets and resources may be limited. Subsistence farming ensures food security for the family, but it may not generate income or surplus for economic growth.

The main economic activity for the Middle Colonies was farming cash crops. This means that the colonists in this region primarily focused on growing crops such as wheat, barley, and rye for profit. These cash crops were in high demand both within the colonies and in other parts of the world, allowing the colonists to generate income and participate in trade. The Middle Colonies had fertile soil and a favorable climate, which made it ideal for agricultural activities and the production of cash crops.

The Great Awakening refers to a religious revival that occurred in the American colonies during the 18th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in religious beliefs and a return to faith among the colonists. This movement emphasized the importance of personal religious experience and led to the establishment of new churches and the spread of evangelicalism. The Great Awakening had a significant impact on American society, politics, and culture, as it challenged traditional religious institutions and fostered a sense of religious freedom and individualism.

The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal to create a central government for the colonies. It was introduced by Benjamin Franklin. The plan aimed to unite the colonies under a single government to better coordinate defense and manage relations with Native American tribes. Although the plan was not adopted, it laid the groundwork for future discussions and eventually led to the formation of the United States.

The Navigation Acts were a series of laws that regulated trade between England and its colonies. They directed the flow of goods between England and the colonies, stating that colonial merchants had to use British ships. Additionally, the acts prevented colonists from sending certain products, such as sugar, outside of England's empire. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true.

Chief Pontiac formed an alliance with other Indians to fight the British because they threatened the Indian way of life. This suggests that the British posed a significant threat to the cultural, social, and economic practices of the indigenous people. By forming an alliance, Chief Pontiac and the other Indians aimed to protect their land, resources, and traditions from British encroachment and colonization. This alliance was a response to the British actions and their impact on the Indian way of life.

North Carolina was a royal colony because it was under the direct control and authority of the British monarchy. In royal colonies, the king or queen appointed a governor to oversee the colony and make decisions on behalf of the crown. This meant that the colony was subject to stricter control and regulation from the British government compared to proprietary or charter colonies, which had more autonomy and were governed by individuals or companies.

The Treaty of Paris was an agreement that stated France had to give up Canada and all other American land but could keep its sugar-producing islands in the West Indies. This treaty marked the end of the French and Indian War and solidified British control over North America. France's loss of its American territories significantly altered the balance of power in the region and set the stage for future conflicts between Britain and its colonies. The retention of the sugar-producing islands allowed France to maintain its lucrative sugar trade, which was crucial to its economy at the time.

Ben Franklin was famous for all of the above reasons. He was a prolific writer and publisher, known for his works such as Poor Richard's Almanac and the Philadelophia newspaper. He was also a renowned scientist, credited with inventions like the lightning rod, bifocal glasses, and a stove for heating. Additionally, Franklin was a prominent statesman who served in the Pennsylvania Assembly and played a significant role in framing the Constitution. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

The governor of Virginia sent George Washington to Ohio to inform the French that they were trespassing on British land and to demand that they leave.

The main economic activity for the northern New England colonies was shipping trade. This means that the colonies were primarily involved in the transportation and trade of goods by sea. This was a significant economic activity in the region due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and the availability of natural resources. The colonies would export goods such as timber, fish, and agricultural products, and import goods from other colonies or countries. The shipping trade played a crucial role in the economic development and prosperity of the northern New England colonies.

Edward Braddock was assigned as the Commander in Chief of the British forces to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley once and for all.

The Middle Colonies had the most cultural diversity from having immigrants from many different countries besides England. This is because the Middle Colonies, which included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware, attracted a diverse range of settlers from various European countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. These colonies were known for their religious tolerance and economic opportunities, which attracted immigrants seeking religious freedom and economic prosperity from different parts of Europe. This diverse mix of settlers contributed to the cultural diversity of the Middle Colonies.

The correct answer is "They wrote the English Bill of Rights." The English Bill of Rights was a document written by William and Mary, the monarchs of England, in 1689. It outlined the rights and liberties of the English people and became a significant influence on the American Bill of Rights, which was later incorporated into the United States Constitution. The English Bill of Rights protected individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial, principles that were also reflected in the American Bill of Rights.

Charter colonies were given a grant of land and had the ability to elect their own governor and legislature. However, the choice of governor still had to be approved by Great Britain. This means that while the colonies had some level of self-governance, the ultimate authority still rested with the British government. This system allowed for a certain degree of local autonomy while maintaining British control over the colonies.

At the Battle of Fort Duquesne, both options B and C, which state that the British were overwhelmed and had significant casualties, including General Braddock, and that the Native Americans joined forces with the French to ambush the British, are correct. This battle, which took place during the French and Indian War, resulted in a decisive French and Native American victory over the British forces. The British suffered heavy losses, including their commander, General Braddock. The Native Americans played a crucial role in supporting the French and contributing to the British defeat.

The answer "65%" suggests that in 1620, 65% of the colonists were literate. This means that a significant majority of the colonists had the ability to read and write. It indicates a relatively high level of literacy among the colonists during that time period.