Age Of Revolutions Review

Before the French Revolution, French society was divided into three classes known as "estates." These estates were the First Estate (clergy), the Second Estate (nobility), and the Third Estate (commoners). Each estate had different privileges, rights, and responsibilities. The term "estate" refers to these social divisions and their corresponding roles in pre-revolutionary France.

The correct answer is Enlightenment thinking and ideas. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment period saw a surge in intellectual and philosophical movements that emphasized reason, individualism, and the rights of the people. These ideas challenged the traditional authority and led to a questioning of the existing political and social structures. The American and French revolutions were greatly influenced by these Enlightenment ideals, as they sought to overthrow oppressive monarchies and establish democratic governments based on the principles of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty.

During the French and Indian War, the British government incurred significant debt. To cover these expenses, they decided to increase taxes on American colonists. This decision was met with strong opposition and protests from the colonists, who believed that they should not bear the burden of paying for a war that primarily benefited the British Empire. This increased taxation and the subsequent protests played a significant role in fostering discontent among the American colonists and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution.

During the reign of King Louis XVI, the Third Estate was required to pay taxes. The Third Estate consisted of the commoners, which included the majority of the population such as peasants, artisans, and the bourgeoisie. The First Estate, made up of the clergy, and the Second Estate, consisting of the nobility, were exempt from most taxes. This unequal taxation system was one of the factors that contributed to the growing discontent and eventual French Revolution.

The Tennis Court Oath was a promise made by representatives of the third estate in France to create a constitution. It marked the beginning of the French Revolution as it symbolized the defiance of the common people against the absolute power of the monarchy. The oath was taken on June 20, 1789, in a tennis court in Versailles, where the representatives pledged to not disband until a constitution was established. This act demonstrated the determination of the third estate to bring about political change and laid the foundation for the revolutionary events that followed.

The other three figures in the cartoon represent the three estates of France. The three estates were the divisions of French society before the French Revolution. The first estate represented the clergy, the second estate represented the nobility, and the third estate represented the commoners. This cartoon is likely depicting King Louis XVI trying to control or suppress the three estates, which ultimately led to the French Revolution.

The correct answer is b. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This social contract, inspired by the American Declaration of Independence and promised in the Tennis Court Oath by the 3rd estate, was a declaration that outlined the rights and freedoms of the French citizens. It aimed to establish equality, liberty, and fraternity among all individuals, regardless of their social status. The declaration played a significant role in the French Revolution and influenced the development of human rights and democratic principles worldwide.

The correct answer is Republic. In a republic form of government, representatives are elected by citizens to make decisions and govern on their behalf. This system allows for the participation of the people in the decision-making process and ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or a small group of individuals. The Directory, which was the government of France from 1795 to 1799, was a republic where the members of the Directory were chosen by electors who were in turn chosen by the people.

The author is exposing the unfair practice of taxation among the different estates of French society. This implies that certain social classes or groups are being burdened with higher taxes compared to others, leading to an unequal distribution of the tax burden. This unfair taxation system could contribute to social and economic inequality within French society.

European monarchs outside of France wanted to restore King Louis XVI to power because they feared that the success of the French Revolution would inspire similar uprisings in their own populations. The revolution in France had already shown that the monarchy could be overthrown and replaced with a republic, which posed a threat to the power and stability of other monarchies. By restoring Louis XVI, they hoped to suppress revolutionary ideas and maintain their own authority.

The National Assembly was formed by the Third Estate during the French Revolution and played a crucial role in overthrowing King Louis XVI. It was a representative body that aimed to establish a constitutional monarchy and bring about political and social reforms. The National Assembly eventually abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic, and initiated the Reign of Terror under the Committee of Public Safety. The National Convention and the Directory were subsequent governing bodies, but it was the National Assembly that initially led the revolution and dethroned the king.

The Reign of Terror was not a political body during the French Revolution. It was a period of extreme violence and mass executions carried out by the Committee of Public Safety, which was a political body. The National Assembly was the legislative body that governed France during the early stages of the revolution. The Directory was the executive body that governed France after the fall of the National Convention. Therefore, the Reign of Terror does not fit the definition of a political body.

During the French Revolution, the Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, was in power. This committee was responsible for executing thousands of people who opposed the government. The guillotine was the method used for these executions. Louis XVI was the king of France before the revolution, and while he was eventually executed by the guillotine, it was not during the time when the Committee of Public Safety was in power. The Estates General was a legislative body that existed before the revolution and did not have the power to execute people. Napoleon came to power after the revolution and did not use the guillotine as a method of execution.

The correct answer is France and England. The French and Indian War was fought between these two European powers in North America from 1754 to 1763. The conflict arose due to territorial disputes and competition for control over the fur trade. France and England both had colonies in North America and were supported by their respective Native American allies. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, which resulted in France losing its North American territories to England.

The Reign of Terror was caused by the fear of counter-revolution and foreign invasion. During the French Revolution, there was a widespread belief that internal enemies and foreign powers were conspiring to overthrow the new republic. This fear led to the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety, which initiated a period of mass executions and political repression in order to eliminate perceived threats to the revolution. The Reign of Terror was characterized by its extreme violence and the systematic suppression of dissent, all driven by the fear of counter-revolution and foreign invasion.