Advanced First Aid

1. A fracture is defined as a:

Tear in the ligament

Break or crack in the bone

Tear in the skin above the bone

A fracture is a break or crack in the bone. This means that there is a disruption in the continuity of the bone structure, which can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a direct blow to the bone. Fractures can vary in severity, from hairline fractures where the bone is partially cracked, to complete fractures where the bone is completely broken into two or more pieces. Treatment for fractures typically involves immobilizing the affected area with a cast or splint to allow the bone to heal properly.

Explanation

A fracture is a break or crack in the bone. This means that there is a disruption in the continuity of the bone structure, which can be caused by trauma, such as a fall or a direct blow to the bone. Fractures can vary in severity, from hairline fractures where the bone is partially cracked, to complete fractures where the bone is completely broken into two or more pieces. Treatment for fractures typically involves immobilizing the affected area with a cast or splint to allow the bone to heal properly.

2. The femur refers to which bone?:

Thigh

Shoulder

Hand

The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, located in the thigh. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement. The femur is responsible for bearing the majority of the body's load during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, the correct answer is thigh.

Explanation

The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, located in the thigh. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement. The femur is responsible for bearing the majority of the body's load during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Therefore, the correct answer is thigh.

3. RICE stand for:

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

Rehabilitation, Ice, Compression, Elevation

Rest, Ice, Contraction, Elevation

The correct answer is Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. This acronym, RICE, is commonly used in first aid for treating injuries, particularly sprains or strains. Rest refers to avoiding any further activity that may worsen the injury. Ice helps reduce swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels. Compression involves applying pressure to the injured area to reduce swelling. Elevation means keeping the injured area elevated above the heart to minimize swelling.

Explanation

The correct answer is Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. This acronym, RICE, is commonly used in first aid for treating injuries, particularly sprains or strains. Rest refers to avoiding any further activity that may worsen the injury. Ice helps reduce swelling and pain by constricting blood vessels. Compression involves applying pressure to the injured area to reduce swelling. Elevation means keeping the injured area elevated above the heart to minimize swelling.

4. Ideally, the C-Spine should be maintained, and spinal precautions taken when:

The patient is involved in an RTC and has neck / back pain

The patient has fallen from a height and has neck / back pain

All of the above, plus any trauma, and when the MOI suggests spinal injury

The correct answer is "All of the above, plus any trauma, and when the MOI suggests spinal injury." This means that in any situation where the patient is involved in a motor vehicle collision, has fallen from a height, or has any trauma that suggests a potential spinal injury, spinal precautions should be taken and the C-Spine should be maintained. This is important because these situations have a higher risk of causing spinal injuries, and it is crucial to prevent further damage to the spine during the initial assessment and transportation of the patient.

Explanation

The correct answer is "All of the above, plus any trauma, and when the MOI suggests spinal injury." This means that in any situation where the patient is involved in a motor vehicle collision, has fallen from a height, or has any trauma that suggests a potential spinal injury, spinal precautions should be taken and the C-Spine should be maintained. This is important because these situations have a higher risk of causing spinal injuries, and it is crucial to prevent further damage to the spine during the initial assessment and transportation of the patient.

5. The correct ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths is:

30:2

15:2

5:2

The correct ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths is 30:2. This means that for every 30 chest compressions, there should be 2 rescue breaths given. This ratio is recommended by the American Heart Association for performing CPR on adults. The chest compressions help to circulate blood and oxygen to the vital organs, while the rescue breaths provide oxygen to the lungs. This ratio ensures a balance between providing oxygen and maintaining circulation during CPR.

Explanation

The correct ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths is 30:2. This means that for every 30 chest compressions, there should be 2 rescue breaths given. This ratio is recommended by the American Heart Association for performing CPR on adults. The chest compressions help to circulate blood and oxygen to the vital organs, while the rescue breaths provide oxygen to the lungs. This ratio ensures a balance between providing oxygen and maintaining circulation during CPR.

6. AVPU stands for:

Alert, Voice, Pain, Un-responsiveness

Action, Voice, Pain, Un-responsiveness

Alert, Voice, Painfully, Unresponsiveness

AVPU is a mnemonic used in medical settings to assess a person's level of consciousness. It stands for Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsiveness. This acronym represents a continuum of responsiveness, with "Alert" indicating that the person is awake and fully aware, "Voice" meaning that they respond to verbal stimuli, "Pain" indicating that they only respond to painful stimuli, and "Unresponsiveness" meaning that they do not respond to any stimuli. This scale helps healthcare professionals quickly assess a patient's level of consciousness and determine the appropriate course of action.

Explanation

AVPU is a mnemonic used in medical settings to assess a person's level of consciousness. It stands for Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsiveness. This acronym represents a continuum of responsiveness, with "Alert" indicating that the person is awake and fully aware, "Voice" meaning that they respond to verbal stimuli, "Pain" indicating that they only respond to painful stimuli, and "Unresponsiveness" meaning that they do not respond to any stimuli. This scale helps healthcare professionals quickly assess a patient's level of consciousness and determine the appropriate course of action.

7. DR ABC stands for:

Danger, Response, Airway, Bleeding, Circulation

Danger, Response, AVPU, Breathing, Circulation

Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation

DR ABC stands for Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation. This acronym is commonly used in first aid and emergency situations to prioritize the steps to be taken when providing initial care to a patient. The first step is to assess the danger of the situation, followed by checking the patient's response. Then, the airway is checked to ensure it is clear and open, allowing the patient to breathe properly. Breathing is then assessed, and if necessary, artificial respiration may be performed. Finally, circulation is checked, including assessing the pulse and controlling any bleeding.

Explanation

DR ABC stands for Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation. This acronym is commonly used in first aid and emergency situations to prioritize the steps to be taken when providing initial care to a patient. The first step is to assess the danger of the situation, followed by checking the patient's response. Then, the airway is checked to ensure it is clear and open, allowing the patient to breathe properly. Breathing is then assessed, and if necessary, artificial respiration may be performed. Finally, circulation is checked, including assessing the pulse and controlling any bleeding.

8. 10% of COPD Patients rely on their___________drive to breather:

Cardiac

Respiratory

Digestive

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a chronic lung disease that affects the respiratory system. It causes difficulty in breathing and reduces the lung's ability to function properly. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that COPD patients rely on their respiratory drive to breathe. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, and any impairment in this system can significantly affect a COPD patient's ability to breathe.

Explanation

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a chronic lung disease that affects the respiratory system. It causes difficulty in breathing and reduces the lung's ability to function properly. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that COPD patients rely on their respiratory drive to breathe. The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, and any impairment in this system can significantly affect a COPD patient's ability to breathe.

9. The heart is divided into ______ chambers:

2

3

4

The correct answer is 4 because the heart is divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles pump blood out to the rest of the body and lungs. This division allows for efficient circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body.

Explanation

The correct answer is 4 because the heart is divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles pump blood out to the rest of the body and lungs. This division allows for efficient circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body.

10. Severe hemorrhage should be controlled to start with using:

Direct Pressure

Indirect Pressure

Tourniquets

Direct pressure should be used to control severe hemorrhage because it is the most effective and immediate method to stop bleeding. Applying direct pressure to the wound helps to compress the blood vessels and reduce blood flow, allowing the body's natural clotting process to occur. It can be done by using a clean cloth, gauze, or even bare hands to apply pressure directly on the bleeding site. This method is safe, easily accessible, and can be performed by anyone without specialized training. Indirect pressure and tourniquets may be used in certain situations where direct pressure is ineffective or impractical.

Explanation

Direct pressure should be used to control severe hemorrhage because it is the most effective and immediate method to stop bleeding. Applying direct pressure to the wound helps to compress the blood vessels and reduce blood flow, allowing the body's natural clotting process to occur. It can be done by using a clean cloth, gauze, or even bare hands to apply pressure directly on the bleeding site. This method is safe, easily accessible, and can be performed by anyone without specialized training. Indirect pressure and tourniquets may be used in certain situations where direct pressure is ineffective or impractical.

11. An ideal blood pressure for a 22 y/o, usually fit and healthy male would be:

154 / 90

120 / 80

110 / 72

The ideal blood pressure for a 22-year-old, usually fit and healthy male would be 120/80. This is because a blood pressure reading of 120/80 falls within the normal range for adults. The top number (systolic pressure) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, and the bottom number (diastolic pressure) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. A reading of 120/80 indicates that the individual has a healthy blood pressure level.

Explanation

The ideal blood pressure for a 22-year-old, usually fit and healthy male would be 120/80. This is because a blood pressure reading of 120/80 falls within the normal range for adults. The top number (systolic pressure) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, and the bottom number (diastolic pressure) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. A reading of 120/80 indicates that the individual has a healthy blood pressure level.

12. An oro-pharyngeal airway should be used on:

Unconscious Breathing / Not Breathing providing they can tolerate it

Conscious Patients on 100% o2

Both Conscious and Unconscious Patients

An oro-pharyngeal airway should be used on unconscious patients who are either breathing or not breathing, as long as they can tolerate it. This device helps to maintain an open airway by preventing the tongue from obstructing the throat. It is commonly used in emergency situations to ensure that the patient can breathe properly. However, it should not be used on conscious patients who are breathing, as it may cause discomfort or induce vomiting.

Explanation

An oro-pharyngeal airway should be used on unconscious patients who are either breathing or not breathing, as long as they can tolerate it. This device helps to maintain an open airway by preventing the tongue from obstructing the throat. It is commonly used in emergency situations to ensure that the patient can breathe properly. However, it should not be used on conscious patients who are breathing, as it may cause discomfort or induce vomiting.

13. Ventricular Tachycardia is defined as:

A heart rate below 50

A heart rate around 60

A heart rate over 100

Ventricular tachycardia is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute. In this condition, the electrical signals in the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) become abnormal, causing the heart to beat faster than normal. This can lead to various symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, and even loss of consciousness. Ventricular tachycardia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Explanation

Ventricular tachycardia is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate that exceeds 100 beats per minute. In this condition, the electrical signals in the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) become abnormal, causing the heart to beat faster than normal. This can lead to various symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, and even loss of consciousness. Ventricular tachycardia is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

14. A bruise is also known as a / an:

Laceration

Abrasion

Contusion

A bruise is also known as a contusion. This is a type of injury where the blood vessels underneath the skin are damaged, causing blood to leak out and collect near the surface, resulting in discoloration and pain. Laceration refers to a deep cut or tear in the skin, while an abrasion is a superficial injury where the skin is scraped off. Therefore, the correct term for a bruise is contusion.

Explanation

A bruise is also known as a contusion. This is a type of injury where the blood vessels underneath the skin are damaged, causing blood to leak out and collect near the surface, resulting in discoloration and pain. Laceration refers to a deep cut or tear in the skin, while an abrasion is a superficial injury where the skin is scraped off. Therefore, the correct term for a bruise is contusion.