Accounting 201 - Chapter 5

The aging-of-receivables method is used to estimate uncollectible accounts by analyzing individual accounts receivable based on how long they have been outstanding. This method categorizes accounts into different age groups (such as 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, etc.) and assigns a percentage of each age group as uncollectible. This estimation helps in determining the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts, which is a contra asset account used to reduce the accounts receivable to its net realizable value. This method provides a more accurate estimation of uncollectible accounts compared to other methods like the percent-of-sales method or direct write-off method.

Investments in trading securities are reported on the Balance Sheet at their current market value. This means that the value of these securities is based on their current market price, which can fluctuate over time. Reporting them at their current market value provides a more accurate representation of their worth and allows investors and stakeholders to assess the financial health and performance of the company.

When a company receives a cash dividend from a trading investment, the journal entry includes a debit to cash and credit to dividend revenue. This is because the company is receiving cash, which increases its cash balance, and the dividend revenue is a form of income that the company earned from its investment. Therefore, the entry reflects the increase in cash and the recognition of the dividend revenue.

The use of the allowance method of accounting for bad debts is preferred over the direct write-off method because it adheres to the matching principle. The matching principle states that expenses should be recognized in the same period as the related revenues. By using the allowance method, the estimated bad debts are recognized as an expense in the same period as the related sales revenue, ensuring that the expenses are matched with the revenues they helped generate. This method provides a more accurate representation of the company's financial position and performance.

The percentage-of-sales method estimates uncollectible accounts based on a percentage of net credit sales. In this case, the net credit sales amount to $5,000,000 and management estimates 2% will be uncollectible. To adjust the allowance for doubtful accounts, the estimated uncollectible amount ($5,000,000 x 2% = $100,000) is added to the existing credit balance of $16,000. Therefore, the balance in Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts after adjustment will be $116,000.

Selling on credit carries the risk of not collecting some of the receivables. When a company sells on credit, it allows customers to pay at a later date, creating accounts receivable. However, there is always a chance that some customers may not pay their debts, resulting in bad debts or uncollectible accounts. This can have a negative impact on the company's cash flow and profitability. Therefore, the risk of not collecting some of the receivables is the biggest risk associated with selling on credit.

Calculations 2,000+7,200=9,200

Trading securities are financial instruments that are bought and held by a company with the intention of selling them in the near term to generate profits. These securities are actively traded and their fair value is reported on the company's balance sheet. As current assets are those that are expected to be converted into cash or used up within one year, trading securities fit this criteria. Therefore, trading securities are classified as current assets.

A promissory note is a written promise to pay a specified amount of money at a particular future date. It is a legally binding document that outlines the terms and conditions of the loan or debt, including the repayment schedule and interest rate. Unlike an account receivable or unearned revenue, which are related to business transactions, a promissory note is a specific financial instrument used for borrowing or lending money. Therefore, the correct answer is promissory note.

The cost to the seller that arises from the failure to collect from customers who were extended credit is known as uncollectible-account expense. This expense represents the amount of money that the seller is unable to collect from customers who are unable or unwilling to pay their debts. It is a reflection of the financial loss incurred by the seller due to non-payment of credit extended to customers. The seller may have to write off these uncollectible accounts as bad debts, which can impact their profitability and cash flow.

The entry to record accrued interest on a note receivable at year-end includes a debit to Interest Receivable. This is because accrued interest represents the amount of interest that has been earned but not yet received or recorded. By debiting Interest Receivable, we are increasing the amount owed to the company for the interest that has accrued. This entry recognizes the company's right to receive the interest income in the future.

Realized gains and losses occur when the investment is sold. This means that when an investor sells their investment, they will experience either a gain or a loss depending on whether the sale price is higher or lower than the initial cost of the investment. If the investment has not been sold, any changes in the current market value of the investment will not result in realized gains or losses. Therefore, the correct answer is that realized gains and losses occur when the investment is sold.

Net accounts receivable is calculated by subtracting the allowance for uncollectible accounts from the total accounts receivable. This is because the allowance for uncollectible accounts represents the estimated amount of accounts receivable that will not be collected. By subtracting this allowance from the total accounts receivable, we get the net amount that is expected to be collected.

The note receivable is classified as $1,000 as a current asset and $4,000 as a long term asset because $1,000 is due within a year, making it a current asset, while the remainder of $4,000 is due after a year, making it a long term asset.

Calculations: expense = 2,000,000*.02=40,000
Allowance balance 1,900 debit bal+40,000credit adjustment = 38,100 balance

Calculations: 50,000*.06*7/12=1,750

Notes receivable refers to formal monetary claims against others that are acquired mainly by lending money. This means that when an individual or business lends money to another party, they create a formal agreement called a promissory note. This note outlines the terms of the loan, including the amount borrowed, interest rate, and repayment schedule. The lender holds the promissory note as evidence of the debt owed to them, and it becomes a receivable on their financial statements. Therefore, notes receivable is the correct answer in this context.

The correct answer is both A and B. Uncollectible-account expense is another term for both doubtful-account expense and bad-debt expense. These terms refer to the expenses incurred by a company when it is unable to collect payment from its customers for goods or services provided.

Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts is classified as a contra-asset account because it is used to reduce the value of accounts receivable on the balance sheet. It represents the estimated amount of accounts receivable that are expected to be uncollectible. By deducting the allowance from the total accounts receivable, the net realizable value of accounts receivable is determined. This contra-asset account reflects the reduction in the value of the asset (accounts receivable) due to the possibility of non-payment by customers.

The purpose of owning trading securities is to sell the investment for more than its cost. Trading securities are short-term investments that are bought and sold frequently with the intention of making a profit. The goal is to take advantage of short-term price fluctuations in the market and sell the securities at a higher price than what was initially paid for them. This allows the investor to generate a profit and increase their overall investment returns.

The face value of the note is $8,000 because it is stated in the question that the note is for $8,000.

The interest due when the note is paid off can be calculated by multiplying the principal amount (8000) by the interest rate (12.5%) and the time period (3 months). Therefore, the interest due is 8000 * 0.125 * (3/12) = 960.

The allowance method is the most acceptable way to measure bad debts because it follows the matching principle of accounting. Under this method, a percentage of sales is estimated to be uncollectible and is recorded as an allowance for doubtful accounts. This allows for more accurate reporting of accounts receivable on the balance sheet and matches the estimated bad debts with the corresponding sales revenue on the income statement. The direct write-off method, on the other hand, does not adhere to the matching principle as it only records bad debts when they are actually deemed uncollectible.

Notes receivable are more formal contracts than accounts receivable because they are typically written agreements that outline the terms and conditions of the loan. They are due on the maturity date, meaning that the borrower is required to repay the loan by a specific date. Additionally, notes receivable may require the borrower to pledge security for the loan, such as collateral or a personal guarantee. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because all of these statements accurately describe notes receivable.

The correct answer is the percent-of-sales method and the aging-of-receivables method. The percent-of-sales method estimates uncollectible receivables based on a percentage of total sales. This method assumes that a certain percentage of sales will be uncollectible. The aging-of-receivables method estimates uncollectible receivables based on the age of the accounts receivable. It categorizes receivables into different age groups and applies different percentages to estimate the collectability of each group. These two methods provide different approaches to estimating uncollectible receivables and can be used in combination for a more accurate estimation.

The quick ratio is considered to be a more stringent measure of a company's ability to pay its current liabilities compared to the ratio. The quick ratio excludes inventory from current assets, focusing only on the most liquid assets such as cash, accounts receivable, and short-term investments. By excluding inventory, which may not be easily converted into cash, the quick ratio provides a more conservative assessment of a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. This ratio is often used by creditors and investors to evaluate a company's liquidity and financial health.

The correct answer is to debit Note Receivable and credit Cash. When a bank lends money to a customer on a note, it records the transaction by debiting Note Receivable, which represents the amount owed by the customer, and crediting Cash, as the bank receives cash in return for the loan. This entry reflects the increase in the bank's assets (Note Receivable) and the decrease in its cash balance.

Unrealized gains and losses occur when the cost of an investment differs from its current market value, and the investment has not been sold. This means that if the value of an investment has increased or decreased, but it has not been sold, the gains or losses are considered unrealized. Therefore, the correct answer is that both B and C occur.

The percentage-of-sales method estimates bad debts for a period based on a percentage of total revenues. This method assumes that bad debts will be a consistent percentage of sales. By using total revenues as the basis for estimating bad debts, the method takes into account the overall level of sales and provides a more accurate estimate of potential bad debts. Using the ending balance in the Accounts Receivable account or the aging accounts receivable schedule may not accurately reflect the level of sales and could result in an inaccurate estimate of bad debts. Similarly, using a percentage of net accounts receivable may not consider the total level of sales and could lead to an incorrect estimation of bad debts.

A subsidiary ledger is a ledger that contains a separate account for each customer. This type of ledger is used to track individual customer transactions and account balances separately from the general ledger. It provides detailed information about each customer's financial activity and allows for easier analysis and reconciliation of customer accounts.

The Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts is the account that shows the amount of accounts receivable that the business does not expect to collect. This account is used to estimate and record the portion of accounts receivable that is likely to be uncollectible. It is a contra-asset account, meaning it reduces the total accounts receivable on the balance sheet to reflect the expected losses from uncollectible accounts.

The correct answer is $6,000. The adjustment for uncollectible accounts expense is calculated by subtracting the credit balance of the Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts prior to adjustment ($2,000) from the estimated total uncollectible accounts ($6,000). This results in an adjusting entry of $4,000, which represents the expense for uncollectible accounts.

Selling accounts receivable involves transferring the right to receive payment from customers to a third party. This transaction reduces the amount of accounts receivable, which is an asset on the balance sheet, thus decreasing assets. Additionally, since the company is incurring expenses such as fees or discounts associated with selling the accounts receivable, it increases expenses.

Calculations: 7,200-2,000=5,200

Investments that a company plans to hold for one year or less are considered short-term investments. Marketable securities are also investments that a company plans to hold for a short period of time. Therefore, the correct answer is both B and C.

The amount of the debit to Cash is $784. This can be calculated by subtracting the credit card fee of 2% from the total amount of $800. The credit card fee is 2% of $800, which is $16. Therefore, the debit to Cash would be $800 - $16 = $784.

In the allowance method, a company estimates the amount of accounts receivable that will not be collected and creates an allowance for uncollectible accounts. When a specific account is determined to be uncollectible, it is written off by debiting the Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts. This reduces the amount of accounts receivable that is expected to be collected in the future. Therefore, the correct answer is a debit to Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts for $2,600.

The correct answer is "Uncollectible-Account Expense and credit to Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts." Under the allowance method, the entry to record the bad debts estimate involves recognizing an expense for uncollectible accounts, which is debited to the Uncollectible-Account Expense account. At the same time, the allowance for uncollectible accounts, which is a contra-asset account, is credited to reflect the estimated amount of accounts that will not be collected. This method allows for the matching principle, where expenses are recognized in the same period as the revenue they are related to.