Pathology(I) II თავი (1-20)

The answer states that the process of bone development includes both structural and functional changes. These changes involve the accumulation of cells, tissues, minerals, and nutrients in the bones. It also mentions that bone remodeling, which includes both bone formation and bone resorption, is regulated to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, the answer suggests that bone development involves both structural and functional changes in order to maintain bone health and function.

The adaptive reaction of the bone includes morpho-functional changes that occur when there is a new load balance in accordance with the principles of homeostasis. This includes structural and functional changes in the bone, as well as the acquisition of cells, tissues, minerals, and nutrients. It also involves necrotic and apoptotic changes.

During immobilization of the joint, there is a decrease in physical loading which leads to atrophy of the muscles. This can occur due to various reasons such as peripheral nerve damage, progressive degeneration of the bones, imbalance between bone remodeling and apoptosis, or compression of blood vessels resulting in decreased blood supply and subsequent muscle atrophy.

The correct answer states that the remodeling and resorption of bone tissue contribute to the process of bone remodeling. This means that bone tissue is constantly being broken down and rebuilt in response to different stimuli, such as mechanical stress or hormonal changes. This process helps maintain bone health and balance calcium levels in the body.

The answer states that cell death, specifically necrosis or apoptotic changes, includes morpho-functional changes that occur when there is a new balance in homeostasis. It also includes structural and functional changes in the accumulation of cells, debris, nucleotides, and minerals in the joints. Additionally, it mentions an increase in the size of the joints, which may be associated with an increase in the number of organelles.

The correct answer is "მიოკარდიუმის ჰიპერტროფია სარქვლების ნაკლოვანების დროს" which translates to "Myocardial hypertrophy occurs during a decrease in blood supply". This answer states that myocardial hypertrophy, which is an increase in the size of the heart muscle, occurs when there is a decrease in blood supply to the heart. This can happen in conditions such as coronary artery disease or heart failure.

The correct answer is "ჩონჩხის კუნთების ჰიპერტროფია ფიზიკური ვარჯიშის შედეგად." This means that the hypertrophy of the calf muscles is a result of physical exercise. Physical exercise can lead to an increase in muscle size and strength, and the calf muscles may undergo hypertrophy as a response to the demands placed on them during exercise.

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During denervation, the muscles lose their nerve supply, leading to muscle atrophy. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or injury. In the case of the atrophy of the muscles of the tongue's base, it is likely that the denervation occurs during the process of nerve supply development in the early stages of embryonic development. Therefore, the correct answer is "ჩონჩხის კუნთების ატროფია დენერვაციის დროს" (Atrophy of the muscles of the tongue's base during denervation).

The correct answer suggests that the atrophy is caused by the compression of blood vessels by the tumor. This can lead to a decrease in blood flow and oxygen supply to the affected tissue, resulting in tissue degeneration and atrophy.

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Hypertrpohy is the increase in the mass of a tissue, which is caused by the strengthening of the function of the organ. This can occur due to an increase in the number of cells within the tissue, or an increase in the number of elements within the tissue, both of which contribute to the increase in the mass of the organ. The decrease in the mass of the tissue or organ can occur through the weakening of their function.

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Barrett's esophagus is a condition where the normal lining of the esophagus is replaced by abnormal cells. This condition is a risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. However, the presence of a cylindrical epithelium with dysplasia does not indicate Barrett's esophagus. Therefore, it is not considered a cause of metaplastic cells in the esophagus.

The correct answer states that metaplasia represents the result of reprogramming of normal cells in response to certain stimuli. This means that under certain conditions, normal cells can undergo changes in their structure and function, adopting characteristics of a different cell type. In the case of metaplasia, the normal cells transform into a different type of cell, which is usually more suited to withstand the specific stress or injury that triggered the metaplastic change. Therefore, the correct answer accurately describes metaplasia as the result of reprogramming normal cells.

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During menopause, the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus, undergoes atrophy. This is because the levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, leading to a thinning and shrinking of the endometrium. As a result, menstruation stops and the endometrium becomes less functional. Therefore, the correct answer is that endometrial atrophy occurs during menopause.

The given answer states that bone deformities are caused by progressive degeneration of the joints. This explanation suggests that the degeneration of the joints over time leads to changes in the structure and shape of the bones, resulting in bone deformities.

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