Neurobiologic Foundations

1. What controls executive functions?

Post cortex

Visual Association Cortex

Prefrontal Cortex

2. The _ cells are to myelin in the CNS as _ cells are to myelin in the Periphery.

Schwann cells, astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells

Oligodendrocytes, Fibroblasts

3. What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

The lateral ventricles.

R & L hemispheres.

Parietal and Occipital Lobes.

Cerebellum and Occipital Lobe.

4. If someone had a deficit in sensory and perceptual, what lobe may be affected?

Temporal

Parietal

Frontal

Occipital

5. In which lobe does auditory processing and memory occur?

Temporal

Parietal

Frontal

Occipital

6. Which structure of the brain is important in Parkinson's?

Red Nucleus

Cerebellum

Substantia Nigra

Amygdala

7. Which of the following is not true of CSF?

Secreted by choroid plexes.

Absorbed by arachnoid granulations into venous sinuses.

Ultrafiltered Blood.

Should be cloudy.

Can be evaluated via Spinal Tap.

8. Areas where grey matter cover the CNS are called?

Cerebellum

Tectum

Cortex

9. The limbic system is comprised of:

Insula

Cingulate Gyrus

Hippocampus

All of the above

10. What is the function of the brainstem?

Visual Processing

Vegetative Functions

Memory and Cognition

Sensory and Perceptual

11. Failure of the caudal neural tube to close may be due to lack of folic acid.

True

False

12. Where is cerebrospinal fluid produces and which ventricle has the most of these?

Choroid plexes, third

Choroid plexus, lateral

Arachnoid Villae, 4th

Arachnoid Villae, 3rd

13. Of the three functional classifications of a neuron, what makes up the most in the CNS?

Motor

Sensory

Interneurons

14. Dendrites carry _________ information

Afferent

Efferent

15. Anosmia is a dysfunction often linked to which cranial nerve.

Olfactory

Optic

Facial

Abducens

16. The sensory part of the spinal cord is the:

Ventral horn of the grey matter

Dorsal horn of the grey matter

Lateral fascilus

Mantle layer

17. What is the fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral cortex from the cerebellum:

Falx cerebri

Tentorium Cerebelli

Dural Fold

Magnum Fissure

18. The MCA supplies what part of the brain:

Medial

Lateral surface

Internal capsule

Occipital lobe

B & C

19. Which fibers of the optic nerve cross at the optic chiasm?

Temporal

Nasal

20. Name types of macroglia.

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Neurons

A & B

All of the above

21. What types of neurons are found in the retina?

Multipolar

Bipolar

Monopolar

22. Which Cranial Nerve is not entirely motor?

III

IV

V

XII

XI

23. Where does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

Frontal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Temporal lobe

24. What is the largest commisure we have?

Corpus Callosum

Anterior Fasciculus

Corona Radiata

25. Failure of which neural tube to close results in myelomeningocoele?

Rostral

Caudal

26. What is the hippocampus shaped like?

A flower

A piece of pizza

A seahorse

An almond

27. When a person injures the ______ lobe, they may lose the ability to control impulses.

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Frontal

28. Why is the periaqueductal grey important?

It controls motor to our legs.

It is where our vision registers.

It absords CSF.

It is important in the regulation of pain sensation.

29. What is the most common tumor of the CNS?

Astrocytoma

Meningioma

Myeloma

30. The superior and inferior colliculi are collectively known as the:

Tegmentum

Tentorium

Tectum

31. Which is not a function of a neuron?

Transduction

Transformation

Transmission

Conduction

Integration

32. The cingulate Gyrus is sometimes called the ________ and represents what?

5th lobe of the brain, deepest/oldest part of brain

4th lobe, newest part of brain

5th lobe, the internal capsule

33. Which type of hydrocephalus is caused by built up fluid or lack of absorption of fluid?

Non-communicating.

Communicating.

34. Which of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?

Putamen

Cingulate Gyrus

Globus Pallidus

Caudate Nucleus

Lentiform Nucleus

35. What is true of Cranial nerves 1 & 2?

They meet in the brainstem.

They control extraocular movement.

They do not go to the brainstem.

36. What is the lobule on the medial surface of the brain that controls motor AND sensory to our legs?

Paracentral Lobule

Periaqueductal Grey

Interventricular Foramen

Internal Capsule

37. The nervous system develops from one of the germ layers that is created by gastrulation. Which layer?

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

38. What is the mechanism of tPa?

Use with hemorrhagic stroke to decrease blood viscosity.

Use with Ischemic stroke to decrease blood viscosity and break up occlusion.

Give by mouth 24 hours after a stroke, no matter what type.

39. What is a common neurological principle that is used following a TBI?

First in, first out

First in, last out

Last in, last out

40. Greater than 20% of tumors in middle aged adults are:

Meningioma

Ependymoma

Medulloblastoma

41. Where does the infundibulum run between?

Thalamus and pituitary

Pituitary and hypothalamus

Thalamus and corpus collosum

Pituitary and fornix

42. What is the only cranial nerve that exits dorsally?

Trigeminal

Facial

Accessory

Trochlear

43. If CN III was damaged, which way would the eyeball drift?

In

Down

Out

44. The part of the ventricular system in the region of the cerebellum and pons is:

3rd

4th

Cerebral aqueduct

Lateral

45. Which of the following is not true?

Longitudinal fissure separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain.

Lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the brain.

The central sulcus separates the primary sensory and motor strips.

The septum pallucidum separates the lateral ventricles.

The calcarine sulcus is where the optic nerve registers.

46. The fold of the dura that goes deep in the longitudinal fissure is called the:

Tentorium

Dural Fold

Tectum

Falx Cerebri

47. Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral recuts?

III

IV

VI

48. What is the tissue that was once the front of the neural tube called?

Ventricular System

Tegmentum

Lamina Terminalis

49. What is the space between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?

Cerebral Aqueduct

Foramen of Monro

Interventricular Aqueduct

Aqueduct of Sylvius

A & D

50. The posterior division of the spinal cord is known as the _ plate. It is responsible for _____.

Alar, Sensory

Basal, Sensory

Alar, Motor

Basal, Motor

51. Where are the cerebral peduncles on the brainstem?

52. What diseases if characterized by a bottoming out, sudden weakness, and usually follows a viral infection?

MS

Guillian-Barre

ALS

Myasthenia Gravis

53. Which of the following is not a sign of nerve injury?

Pain

Muscle Atropy

Aphasia

Paresthesia

54. In the following picture, what do 1 and 2 refer to, respectively?

Lentiform nucleus, hippocampus

Lentiform nucleus, corpus callosum

Corpus callosum, insula

Lentiform nucleus, insula

55. Which of the following is not part of the tegmentum?

Superior Colliculus

Nuclei of Cranial Nerves

Reticular Formation

56. The posterior limb of the internal capsule runs between what two structures?

Lateral ventricle and lentiform

Lentiform and thalamus

Thalamus and caudate

57. What is an example of a GSE?

To smooth muscle of face

To smooth muscle of the gut

From organ to CNS

Alpha motor neuron to skeletal muscle

58. What supplies the dura mater?

Middle Cerebral Artery

Middle Meningeal Artery

Anterior Cerebral Artery

59. Which Cranial Nerve exits anterior to the olives of the medulla?

XI

X

IX

XII

60. What is an important midline structure in an MRI?

Lateral ventricle

Putamen

3rd ventricle

Anterior commissure

61. Where does the DRG come from and what type of neuron is it?

Neural tube, bipolar

Neural crest, pseudounipolar

Neural tube, multipolar

Endoderm, pseudounipolar

62. What represents up to 30% of all brain tumors?

Glioblastoma

Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Meningioma

Medulloblastoma

63. What does a Tinel's sign let you do?

See if there is Median N. Compression

See if there is Ulnar N. Compression.

Check for tennis elbow.

See if a nerve is regenerating.

64. ____ is the most important layer for mechanical protetcion, which is the most important blood-nerve barrier.

Perineurium, Mesoneurium

Epineurium, Perineurium

Endoneurium, Perineurium

Endoneurium, Epineurium

65. Which neurons are the most common type?

Mutlipolar

Nonpolar

Unipolar

Bipolar

66. What divides the alar plate from the basal plate?

Central sulcus

Longitudinal Fissure

Sulcus Limitans

None of the above

67. Signals from the huppocampus to the mamillary bodies are carried by:

Cerebral aqueduct

Fornix

Anterior commissure

68. The substantia nigra and red nucleus, collectively, are known as:

Tectum

Tegmentum

Tentorium

Thalamus

69. What creates the uncus?

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Mamillary Bodies

Olives

70. What is the most common form of stroke?

Embolic Ischemic

Thrombotic Ischemic

Hemorrhagic

71. What is the most benign type of astrocytoma?

Medulloblastoma

Meningioma

Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Ependymoma

72. The descending fiber bundle that forms a large bulge on the front of the midbrain is known as:

Crus cerebri

Internal capsule

Cerebral peduncle

A and C

B and C

73. Where do projection fibers run?

Between the two hemispheres

Between gyri

In the middle of any sulcus

Into or out of the cortex

74. Where does cerebropinal fluid exit?

4th ventrical

Foramen of magendie

Foramen of lushcka

A & C

All of the above

75. Of the following, which has the worst potential for recovery?

Neuropraxia

Sunderland IV

Neurotmesis

Axonotmesis

76. Which structure is important for descening motor fibers to our flexor muscles?

Olives

Pyramids

Red Nucleus

Substantia Nigra

77. What are essentual for motor learning?

Pyramids of medulla.

Olivary nucleus.

Cingulate Gyrus

Corpus Collosum

78. The _ is the wall of the third ventricle, the is the wall of the lateral ventricle

Thalamus, Caudate Nucleus

Caudate Nucleus, Hypothalamus

Thalamus, Cingulate Gyrus

Anterior Commissure, Thalamus

Caudate Nucleus, Thalamus

79. The ventircular zone becomes the ___ layer, the mantle zone is matter, and the marginal zone is _ matter.

Lumen, white, grey

Lumen, grey, white

Ependymal layer, white, grey

Ependymal layer, grey, white

Ependymal layer, white, white

80. What does the calcarine sulcus separate?

Parietal and Occipital.

Supramarginal and Angular Gyri.

Cuneus and Lingual gyrus.

Lateral and Third ventricle.

81. When a peripheral nerve is injured, degeneration occurs in a distal direction. This is called . If it occurs in a proximal direction, it is termed .

Wallerian Degeneration, Traumatic Degeneration

Traumatic Degeneration, Nontraumatic Degeneration

Wallerian Degeneration, Atypical Degeneration

82. According to Sunderland, a Type III injury of nerve involves these structures:

Axon

Axon, Endoneurium

Axon, endoneurium, Perineurium

83. What is the primary difference between a neuron and glial cells?

Length of Axon

Cell body

Dendritic connections

84. When and how does the neural tube close?

3rd post conception week, cephalo to caudal.

4th week; rostral neuropore then caudal neuropore, from the middle like a broken zipper.

3rd week; caudal neuropore before rostral, from the middle like a broken zipper.

Caudal-cephalic direction at the 4th week.

As soon as the baby is born.

85. What makes a nerve pathway a "special" one?

Goes to a smaller muscle.

Goes to a muscle that came from brachial arches.

It has several bifurcations.

It is a mixed nerve.

86. Brodman's Area 3,1,2 responds to the Gyrus that is located in the Lobe of the brain. It is also known as the primary _ strip.

Precentral, Frontal, Motor

Precentral, Parietal, Sensory

Postcentral, Temporal, Motor

Postcentral, Parietal, Sensory

87. The brain has sensory innervation.

True

False

88. The venous sinus that bissects the cerebellum is called _ and the one above the cerebellum is called____.

Transverse sinus, straight sinus

Straight sinus, cavernous sinus

Straight sinus, transverse sinus

Transverse sinus, horizontal sinus

89. When is synaptogenesis most active in life?

1st week.

25 years old.

7-8 years old.

10-12 years old.

90. The pooling of CSF is often called:

Sinus

Ventricle

Cistern

Aneurysm

91. What supplies the precentral gyrus?

ACA

MCA

PCA

A & B

A & C

92. EPSP and IPSP are _, _, & _____

Local, non-propagated, and cannot be summated

Local, propagated, and can be summated

Non-local, propagated, and cannot be summated

Local, non-propagated, and can be summated

93. What is the venous sinus that lies atop the corpus callosum?

Superior sagittal

Transverse

Inferior sagittal

Cavernous sinus

Neurobiologic Foundations

1. What controls executive functions?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. The _______ cells are to myelin in the CNS as _______ cells are to myelin in the Periphery.

3. What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

4. If someone had a deficit in sensory and perceptual, what lobe may be affected?

5. In which lobe does auditory processing and memory occur?

6. Which structure of the brain is important in Parkinson's?

7. Which of the following is not true of CSF?

8. Areas where grey matter cover the CNS are called?

9. The limbic system is comprised of:

10. What is the function of the brainstem?

11. Failure of the caudal neural tube to close may be due to lack of folic acid.

12. Where is cerebrospinal fluid produces and which ventricle has the most of these?

13. Of the three functional classifications of a neuron, what makes up the most in the CNS?

14. Dendrites carry _________ information

15. Anosmia is a dysfunction often linked to which cranial nerve.

16. The sensory part of the spinal cord is the:

17. What is the fold of dura mater that separates the cerebral cortex from the cerebellum:

18. The MCA supplies what part of the brain:

19. Which fibers of the optic nerve cross at the optic chiasm?

20. Name types of macroglia.

21. What types of neurons are found in the retina?

22. Which Cranial Nerve is not entirely motor?

23. Where does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

24. What is the largest commisure we have?

25. Failure of which neural tube to close results in myelomeningocoele?

26. What is the hippocampus shaped like?

27. When a person injures the ______ lobe, they may lose the ability to control impulses.

28. Why is the periaqueductal grey important?

29. What is the most common tumor of the CNS?

30. The superior and inferior colliculi are collectively known as the:

31. Which is not a function of a neuron?

32. The cingulate Gyrus is sometimes called the ________ and represents what?

33. Which type of hydrocephalus is caused by built up fluid or lack of absorption of fluid?

34. Which of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?

35. What is true of Cranial nerves 1 & 2?

36. What is the lobule on the medial surface of the brain that controls motor AND sensory to our legs?

37. The nervous system develops from one of the germ layers that is created by gastrulation. Which layer?

38. What is the mechanism of tPa?

39. What is a common neurological principle that is used following a TBI?

40. Greater than 20% of tumors in middle aged adults are:

41. Where does the infundibulum run between?

42. What is the only cranial nerve that exits dorsally?

43. If CN III was damaged, which way would the eyeball drift?

44. The part of the ventricular system in the region of the cerebellum and pons is:

45. Which of the following is not true?

46. The fold of the dura that goes deep in the longitudinal fissure is called the:

47. Which cranial nerve supplies the lateral recuts?

48. What is the tissue that was once the front of the neural tube called?

49. What is the space between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?

50. The posterior division of the spinal cord is known as the _____ plate. It is responsible for _________.

51. Where are the cerebral peduncles on the brainstem?

52. What diseases if characterized by a bottoming out, sudden weakness, and usually follows a viral infection?

53. Which of the following is not a sign of nerve injury?

54. In the following picture, what do 1 and 2 refer to, respectively?

55. Which of the following is not part of the tegmentum?

56. The posterior limb of the internal capsule runs between what two structures?

57. What is an example of a GSE?

58. What supplies the dura mater?

59. Which Cranial Nerve exits anterior to the olives of the medulla?

60. What is an important midline structure in an MRI?

61. Where does the DRG come from and what type of neuron is it?

62. What represents up to 30% of all brain tumors?

63. What does a Tinel's sign let you do?

64. ____________ is the most important layer for mechanical protetcion, which ________ is the most important blood-nerve barrier.

65. Which neurons are the most common type?

66. What divides the alar plate from the basal plate?

67. Signals from the huppocampus to the mamillary bodies are carried by:

68. The substantia nigra and red nucleus, collectively, are known as:

69. What creates the uncus?

70. What is the most common form of stroke?

71. What is the most benign type of astrocytoma?

72. The descending fiber bundle that forms a large bulge on the front of the midbrain is known as:

73. Where do projection fibers run?

74. Where does cerebropinal fluid exit?

75. Of the following, which has the worst potential for recovery?

76. Which structure is important for descening motor fibers to our flexor muscles?

77. What are essentual for motor learning?

2. The _ cells are to myelin in the CNS as _ cells are to myelin in the Periphery.

50. The posterior division of the spinal cord is known as the _ plate. It is responsible for _____.

64. ____ is the most important layer for mechanical protetcion, which is the most important blood-nerve barrier.

78. The _ is the wall of the third ventricle, the is the wall of the lateral ventricle

79. The ventircular zone becomes the ___ layer, the mantle zone is matter, and the marginal zone is _ matter.

81. When a peripheral nerve is injured, degeneration occurs in a distal direction. This is called . If it occurs in a proximal direction, it is termed .

86. Brodman's Area 3,1,2 responds to the Gyrus that is located in the Lobe of the brain. It is also known as the primary _ strip.

88. The venous sinus that bissects the cerebellum is called _ and the one above the cerebellum is called____.

92. EPSP and IPSP are _, _, & _____