851-900 მდე მედიცინა განახლებული

The correct answer is "ბ) ჰემორაგიული სინდრომის სიმძიმე არ არის დაკავშირებული ფაქტორის (VIII, IX) დეფიციტის ხარისხთან". This means that hemophilia is not directly related to the deficiency of clotting factors (VIII, IX). Hemophilia is a genetic disorder where the blood doesn't clot properly, and it is caused by a deficiency or absence of clotting factors in the blood. However, the severity of bleeding episodes in hemophilia is not directly correlated with the level of clotting factor deficiency.

The correct answer is "სისტოლური წნევის დაქვეითების (< 105 მმ. ვწ. სვ)". The explanation for this answer is that the patient's blood pressure is lower than the normal systolic blood pressure range of less than 105 mmHg. This indicates that the patient is experiencing hypotension, which is a common complication of transfusion. Hypotension can occur due to various reasons, such as an allergic reaction to the transfused blood, volume overload, or a reaction to the preservatives in the blood product. Monitoring and managing the patient's blood pressure is crucial to prevent any further complications.

The given information states that the individual is a 42-year-old woman who is experiencing a decrease in hemoglobin levels and an increase in MCV (mean corpuscular volume), indicating macrocytic anemia. Additionally, it mentions hypersegmented polymorphonuclear cells, which are characteristic of pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, often due to an autoimmune condition that affects the absorption of vitamin B12 in the stomach. Therefore, the correct answer is d) Pernicious anemia.

The correct answer is "ა) ძვლის ტვინის ინფარქტი". This is because the patient experiences periodic symptoms similar to those seen in tetanus, and the paracetamol and codeine injections do not relieve the symptoms. This suggests that the patient's symptoms are not caused by a musculoskeletal issue or a localized hypoxia due to anemia. The presence of red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow in the femur and ilium, as well as the reduction in red bone marrow caused by the infection, support the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

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The correct answer is D) გამოხატული ანიზო- და პოიკილოციტოზი. This is because "B12" deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells (anizo-erythroblasts) and abnormal, large white blood cells (poikilocytes).

There is no scientific evidence to suggest a direct connection between exposure to toxic chemicals and the risk of leukemia. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that exposure to toxic chemicals and chemotherapy or radiotherapy are linked to an increased risk of relapse in leukemia patients.

This answer suggests that the best diagnostic complex for determining the diagnosis is the puncture of the bone marrow, trepanobiopsy, and immunoglobulin profile.

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The correct answer is "A) Vitamin D". This is because Vitamin D is essential for normal erythropoiesis, which is the process of red blood cell production. Without sufficient levels of Vitamin D, the body may not be able to produce enough red blood cells, leading to a condition called anemia. Therefore, it is necessary for normal erythropoiesis.

The prognosis of Hodgkin's disease is good if the lymph nodes are sclerotic.

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot properly. It is caused by a deficiency in certain clotting factors, specifically factor VIII or factor IX. Hematomas, which are collections of blood outside of blood vessels, can occur in people with hemophilia due to minor injuries or trauma. However, pinpoint hemorrhages, or petechiae, are not a characteristic feature of hemophilia. Therefore, the correct answer is "წერტილოვანი ჰემორაგიები" (petechiae hemorrhages).

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The given answer suggests that the patient's condition is indicative of a deficiency in vitamin B12 and antibodies against parietal cells in the stomach. This can be inferred from the low levels of hemoglobin (Hb), high mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and high white cell count (WCC), which are all characteristic of vitamin B12 deficiency. Additionally, the presence of antibodies against parietal cells indicates an autoimmune reaction that can lead to the malabsorption of vitamin B12.

The correct answer is "რაც უფრო მწვავედ მიმდინარეობს, მით უფრო ხანგრძლივია ჰიპერკოაგულაციის ფაზა." This means that the longer the bleeding lasts, the more likely it is to be a phase of hypercoagulation.

The symptoms described in the question suggest a peripheral blood smear. The low hemoglobin level (95 g/L) and low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) indicate microcytic anemia. The low white cell count (WCC) and low platelet count suggest bone marrow suppression. Additionally, the presence of episodic strong local pain, as well as episodes of strong headaches and dizziness, indicate possible vaso-occlusive crises. These symptoms, along with the abnormal blood counts, point towards a diagnosis of peripheral blood smear.

During the development of atrophic gastritis, the normal mucosal lining of the stomach becomes thin and loses its function. This condition can lead to a decrease in the production of stomach acid and digestive enzymes, causing symptoms such as indigestion, bloating, and nutrient deficiencies. Atrophic gastritis does not occur during the time of chronic infections, during pregnancy, during the time of uremia, or during the time of mixedema. Therefore, the correct answer is e) during the time of atrophic gastritis.

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The correct answer is "კუმბსის დადებითი სინჯი". This is because autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells. The destruction of red blood cells can occur during the night, leading to a decrease in red blood cell count and symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. The term "კუმბსის დადებითი სინჯი" refers to the destruction of red blood cells during sleep, which is characteristic of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

აბსოლუტური ლიმფოციტოზი აღნიშნავს ქრონიკულ ლიმფოციტურ ლეიკემიას, რომელიც არის ლიმფოციტების მიმართულების ქრონიკული ფორმა. ამ სიმპტომის მიზნები შეიძლება იყოს ქრონიკული ლიმფოციტის ლეიკემიის განვითარების გამოყენება.

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The correct answer is (a) Nephrological symptoms are associated with hematological changes.

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პოლიდაქტილია is the correct answer because it means "polydactyl" in Georgian, which refers to having more than the usual number of digits on the hands or feet. The other options do not relate to the given statement.

The correct answer is a) the reduction of activated partial thromboplastin time and prolongation of prothrombin time. This means that during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), there is a decrease in the activation of the coagulation pathway, leading to a decrease in the formation of thrombin and fibrin. This results in a decrease in the production of thrombin and fibrin degradation products, which are markers of DIC.

B12 deficiency can lead to macrocytic anemia, which is characterized by the presence of larger than normal red blood cells (erythrocytes). This is referred to as macrocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is option გ) ერითროციტების მაკროციტოზი (macrocytosis of erythrocytes).

Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of large, immature red blood cells called megaloblasts. This condition is often caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid, which are essential for the production of healthy red blood cells. When there is a deficiency of vitamin B12, the megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow result in the production of large, abnormal red blood cells. Therefore, option დ) მეგალობლასტოზი (megaloblastosis) is the correct answer.

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გულძმარვა (heart failure) is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can lead to a decrease in the production of red blood cells, resulting in a deficiency of vitamin B12. Therefore, it is not recommended for B12 deficiency anemia.

The passage describes a 62-year-old man who experiences various symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, periodic fever, night sweats, and enlarged lymph nodes. These symptoms are commonly associated with B-cell lymphomas, which are cancers that originate in the B cells of the immune system. Therefore, the correct answer is B-უჯრედული ავთვისებიანი პათოლოგია (B-cell lymphoma).

The given information states that the man has a leukocyte count of 45,000 mm³, blasts make up 4% of the leukocytes, and there is an increase in leukocytic tuft phosphatase activity. These findings are consistent with leukemoid reaction, which is a reactive increase in the number of leukocytes in response to an infection or other inflammatory conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is გ) ლეიკემოიდურ რეაქციას (leukemoid reaction).

Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. In the context of B12 deficiency anemia, leukocytosis is not expected. B12 deficiency anemia is characterized by a decrease in red blood cells and often results in macrocytic anemia. Therefore, the presence of leukocytosis would not be consistent with B12 deficiency anemia.

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The correct answer is "პლაზმოციტები" which translates to "plasmocytes" in English. Plasmocytes are a type of white blood cells that produce and secrete antibodies. They play a crucial role in the immune response by recognizing and neutralizing foreign substances in the body.

In the context of B12 deficiency anemia, leukocytosis refers to an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. This is not expected in B12 deficiency anemia, as it is primarily characterized by a decrease in red blood cells and not an increase in white blood cells. Therefore, option გ) ლეიკოციტოზი (leukocytosis) is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "გ) მრავლობითი მიელომაზე". The question asks for a condition that could result in an increase in plasma cells. "მრავლობითი" means "multiple" or "increased" and "მიელომაზე" means "plasma cells". Therefore, the correct answer is "მრავლობითი მიელომაზე", which translates to "multiple plasma cells".

The patient's symptoms, including the inability to heal wounds and frequent infections, suggest a condition called multiple myeloma. This is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of healthy blood cells. The presence of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the patient's symptoms indicate that the proliferation of plasma cells is causing the pathological condition.

The correct answer is "გ) გულის უკმარისობა" which translates to "Decreased heart rate" in English. This answer suggests that during prenatal development, the fetus does not exhibit decreased heart rate as one of the signs of distress.

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Splenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the spleen, which is a common symptom of autoimmune hemolytic anemias. In these conditions, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own red blood cells, leading to anemia. The spleen plays a role in filtering and removing damaged or old red blood cells from circulation, so when there is excessive destruction of red blood cells, the spleen can become enlarged. Therefore, splenomegaly is a universal symptom of autoimmune hemolytic anemias.

სპლენომეგალია არ არის დამახასიათებელი თანდაყოლილი სფეროციტოზისთვის, რადგან სპლენომეგალია ერთი სპეციფიური სიმპტომი, რომლის გამოც სფეროციტოზის უნდა იყოს არამახასიათებელი.

The correct answer is option ე) ერიროპოეტინის პლაზმური კონცენტრაციის მომატება. This means that erythropoietin is not responsible for increasing plasma concentration.

During microsphere-based hemolytic anemia, there is no connection between erythrocyte fragmentation and reticulocytopenia.

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ინტრავასკულური ჰემოლიზი არის სისხლის წითელი უჯრედების დამახასიათებელი, რომლებიც გამოიყენება რადიოტერაპიაში და ქმნის სისხლის წითელი უჯრედების გამოყენებით მაღალ დოზის დამახასიათებელს. ამიტომაც არ არის დამახასიათებელი სფეროციტოზისთვის.