Sensory System (Exam Mode) By Rnpedia.Com

Changes in personality and judgment are often associated with a frontal lobe lesion. The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, such as decision-making, problem-solving, and controlling impulses. Damage to this area can result in alterations in personality, behavior, and judgment. Lesions in other areas, such as the parietal lobe, Broca's area, or Wernicke's area, are not typically associated with these specific changes in personality and judgment.

The correct answer for another name for cranial nerve IX is Glosspharyngeal.

Cranial nerves II, III, VI are all directly related to the eye. Cranial nerve II, also known as the optic nerve, is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. Cranial nerve III, also known as the oculomotor nerve, controls the movement of the eye and the constriction of the pupil. Cranial nerve VI, also known as the abducens nerve, controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for the outward movement of the eye. Cranial nerve VII, also known as the facial nerve, is not directly related to the eye. It is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression and transmitting taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Jerky and sudden random movements, also known as chorea, are often associated with a basal ganglia lesion. The basal ganglia are a group of structures located deep within the brain that play a crucial role in the control of movement. When there is damage or dysfunction in the basal ganglia, it can result in abnormal movements such as chorea. Therefore, the correct answer is basal ganglia.

Cranial nerve XI, also known as the accessory nerve, is responsible for the movement of the trapezius muscle. This nerve controls the motor function of the trapezius muscle, which is a large muscle located in the upper back and neck. It plays a crucial role in the movement of the shoulders and head, including actions such as shrugging the shoulders and rotating the head. Therefore, cranial nerve XI is the correct answer as it is directly involved in the movement of the trapezius muscle.

Athetosis type movements are often identified with a basal ganglia lesion. The basal ganglia is a group of structures located deep within the brain that are involved in the control of movement. Damage to the basal ganglia can result in abnormal involuntary movements, such as athetosis. Therefore, when athetosis type movements are observed, it is commonly associated with a basal ganglia lesion.

Motor aphasia is a type of aphasia characterized by difficulty in speaking or producing language. It is typically caused by damage to the language-dominant hemisphere of the brain, specifically in the frontal lobe. Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, plays a crucial role in speech production. Therefore, changes in motor aphasia are often associated with a lesion in Broca's area.

Cranial nerve VII, also known as the facial nerve, is responsible for sensation to 1/3 of the tongue. This nerve carries taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue to the brain. It also controls the muscles of facial expression and plays a role in tear and saliva production. Cranial nerves IV, X, and XI do not have a direct role in tongue sensation.

The triceps muscle is primarily innervated by the radial nerve, which arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The radial nerve receives contributions from the C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1 nerve roots. However, the main nerve root responsible for triceps activation is C7. Therefore, C7 best corresponds with activation of the triceps muscle.

Brown-Sequard syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage to one side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by a combination of motor and sensory deficits. Contralateral spinothalamic deficits, ipsilateral dorsal column deficits, and ipsilateral pyramidal tract deficits are all features of Brown-Sequard syndrome. However, ipsilateral spinothalamic deficits are not typically seen in this condition. This means that sensory loss on the same side as the injury is not a characteristic of Brown-Sequard syndrome.

Changes in sensory aphasia are often associated with a lesion in Wernicke's area. Sensory aphasia is a language disorder characterized by difficulty understanding and processing spoken and written language. Wernicke's area, located in the left hemisphere of the brain, is responsible for language comprehension. Damage to this area can result in sensory aphasia, where individuals have difficulty understanding the meaning of words and sentences. Other symptoms may include fluent but nonsensical speech and difficulty finding the right words to express thoughts. Therefore, the correct answer is Wernicke's area.

Bell's palsy is a condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. It is thought to be caused by inflammation or viral infection of the facial nerve. While AIDS, diabetes, and Lyme disease have all been associated with an increased risk of developing Bell's palsy, there is currently no direct link between Alzheimer's disease and Bell's palsy. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that primarily affects memory and cognitive function, and it is not known to be a risk factor for Bell's palsy.

Broca's area is a region in the brain that is responsible for speech production. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the primary blood vessel that supplies this area with oxygenated blood. Therefore, the MCA is the correct answer.

If the posterior cerebral artery (PCa) is ruptured, it can cause an oculomotor palsy. The oculomotor nerve controls the movement of certain eye muscles, including those that control the pupil's size and shape. A rupture of the PCa can lead to compression or damage to the oculomotor nerve, resulting in a palsy. The other arteries listed (ACA, MCA, and lateral striate) do not directly affect the oculomotor nerve and therefore would not cause an oculomotor palsy if ruptured.

The lower truck of the brachial plexus forms the medial cord. This is because the brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves. It is responsible for innervating the upper limb. The brachial plexus is divided into three cords - medial, lateral, and posterior. The lower trunk gives rise to the medial cord, which then gives off branches that supply muscles and sensory information to the arm and hand. Therefore, the correct answer is medial.

The upper, middle, and lower trunks of the brachial plexus combine to form the posterior cord. This cord is responsible for innervating certain muscles and providing sensory information to specific areas of the upper limb. It is located behind the axillary artery and gives rise to branches that supply the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm.

The upper and middle trucks of the brachial plexus combine to form the lateral cord.

Cranial nerve X, also known as the vagus nerve, can be directly linked to respiratory and cardiac dysfunction. The vagus nerve plays a crucial role in regulating the heart rate and controlling the muscles involved in respiration. Dysfunction of the vagus nerve can lead to irregular heart rhythms and breathing difficulties. Therefore, cranial nerve X is the correct answer in this case.

Cranial nerve IV, also known as the trochlear nerve, can be directly linked to ptosis. Ptosis refers to drooping or sagging of the upper eyelid, which can result in reduced vision and an asymmetrical appearance. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, which plays a crucial role in elevating the eyelid. Dysfunction or damage to the trochlear nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle, causing ptosis. Therefore, cranial nerve IV is the correct answer as it is directly associated with ptosis.

Cranial nerve IV, also known as the trochlear nerve, can be directly linked to diplopia. This is because the trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, which is responsible for downward and inward eye movement. When there is a dysfunction or damage to the trochlear nerve, it can result in weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle, leading to a misalignment of the eyes and causing diplopia, or double vision.