Pa Recertifying Exam Parne Practice Exam

If there is swelling or bleeding within a limited and strictly contained compartment, both increased peripheral resistance and decreased venous circulation can be expected. Increased peripheral resistance occurs due to the compression of blood vessels by the swelling or bleeding, which restricts blood flow. Decreased venous circulation happens because the blood is unable to flow properly through the veins in the affected compartment. Therefore, both A and B are expected outcomes in this situation.

Hemoglobin levels over 14 do not indicate anemia because anemia is defined as a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin levels over 14 are considered within the normal range and therefore do not suggest the presence of anemia.

Gout is caused by the overproduction of uric acid in the body. Uric acid is a waste product that is normally excreted through urine. However, when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, it can form crystals that accumulate in the joints, leading to inflammation and severe pain. This condition primarily affects the joints, especially the big toe, and is characterized by sudden and intense attacks of pain, swelling, and redness. Therefore, gout is the most likely outcome of overproduction of uric acid.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that commonly affects the knees, hips, and spine. However, it typically does not affect the shoulder joint. This may be due to the fact that the shoulder joint has a different anatomical structure and is subjected to different types of stress and movement compared to other joints. Therefore, while osteoarthritis can cause pain and stiffness in various joints, the shoulder is usually spared from this condition.

Sequestrum is the correct answer because it refers to the removal of bone that has been affected by chronic osteomyelitis. In this condition, a piece of dead bone separates from the healthy bone due to infection. The sequestrum must be surgically removed to promote healing and prevent further complications. Periosteal elevation, ankylosis, and anotia are not directly related to the removal of bone affected by chronic osteomyelitis.

Bell's palsy is a condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles. It is believed to be caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), not by any of the cranial nerves mentioned in the options (X, XI, V). Therefore, the correct answer is "None of the above."

Anterograde amnesia refers to the loss of ability to form new memories after an amnesia event. This means that individuals with anterograde amnesia are unable to retain or remember new information, events, or experiences that occur after the event that caused the amnesia. It is important to note that anterograde amnesia does not affect the ability to recall memories from before the amnesia event, which is known as retrograde amnesia. Selective amnesia refers to the selective loss of specific memories, while fugue state is a dissociative disorder characterized by amnesia and identity confusion.

The correct answer is that motor functions, proprioception, vibration, and deep touch are left intact if the lesion is on the left side of the cord. This means that the statement in option 4 is false. According to Brown-Sequard's syndrome, these functions are lost on the same side of the lesion, while the sense of pain, temperature, and light touch are affected on the contralateral side.

Hypersensitivity to eggs is a contraindication to the influenza vaccine because the vaccine is typically produced using eggs. People with egg allergies may have an allergic reaction to the vaccine if they receive it. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals with a known hypersensitivity to eggs avoid receiving the influenza vaccine.

Dermatomyositis and polymyositis are similar in their manifestations. Both conditions are inflammatory muscle diseases that can cause muscle weakness and skin rashes. They are both characterized by muscle inflammation and can affect multiple muscle groups in the body. However, eosinophilic fasciitis is a different condition that primarily affects the fascia, the connective tissue surrounding muscles, and does not typically involve muscle inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is i and iii.