National Counselor Exam Prep (NCE)

The given condition is Self-Serving Bias. This bias refers to the tendency of individuals to attribute their successes to their own abilities or efforts, while attributing their failures to external factors or other people. In this case, Mark praises himself when he does well, which is an example of taking credit for his successes. However, he blames others whenever he fails, which is an example of avoiding responsibility and attributing his failures to external factors. This behavior demonstrates a self-serving bias, as Mark is selectively attributing outcomes in a way that protects his self-esteem.

Socioeconomics can indeed affect the outcome of therapeutic counseling. Socioeconomic factors such as income, education level, and access to resources can impact a person's mental health and their ability to afford and access therapy. These factors can influence the quality and duration of therapy, as well as the overall effectiveness of the treatment. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that socioeconomics can have an impact on the outcome of therapeutic counseling.

Intrinsic motivation refers to the motivation that comes from within an individual. It is the drive to engage in an activity or pursue a goal because it is personally rewarding, enjoyable, or fulfilling. This type of motivation is not influenced by external factors such as rewards or punishments, but rather by the individual's own interests, values, and desires. It is often associated with increased creativity, persistence, and satisfaction in tasks or activities.

When a client transfers their relationship with another onto the therapist, it is referred to as a transferential relationship. This means that the client is projecting their feelings, desires, and expectations onto the therapist, often based on past experiences or relationships. In this type of relationship, the therapist plays the role of the person the client is transferring onto, and it becomes an important aspect of the therapeutic process to explore and understand these dynamics.

The attitude that consists of thoughts and beliefs is referred to as cognitive. Cognitive attitude refers to the mental processes and knowledge that shape an individual's beliefs, opinions, and thoughts about a particular object, person, or situation. It involves the cognitive evaluation and perception of the attitude object, which influences an individual's behavior and emotions towards it.

Non-working alliances are not a type of psychotherapeutic alliances because they do not involve a collaborative and productive relationship between the therapist and the client. In psychotherapy, the working alliance refers to the therapeutic relationship and collaboration between the therapist and the client to achieve treatment goals. Reparative relationships focus on repairing past relational wounds, while transpersonal relationships involve exploring spiritual and transcendent experiences. Non-working alliances do not contribute to the therapeutic process and do not support the client's growth and healing.

Loss of a partner and decrease in income are the most likely factors to cause depression after the age of 70. The loss of a partner can lead to feelings of loneliness, grief, and a sense of emptiness, which can contribute to depression. Additionally, a decrease in income can result in financial stress and insecurity, which can also contribute to depressive symptoms. Therefore, the combination of both these factors, as indicated by option B and C, is the most likely cause of depression in individuals over the age of 70.

This statement is not true because lack of transportation can indeed affect therapeutic counseling. Transportation plays a crucial role in accessing mental health services, as it can limit individuals' ability to attend counseling sessions regularly. Lack of transportation can result in missed appointments, inconsistent therapy, and hinder the progress of the therapeutic process. It can also create additional stress and barriers for individuals seeking help, especially if they do not have alternative means of transportation.

The Duty to Warn becomes validated when the therapist has to inform other colleagues about a client who is harming others. This means that if the therapist becomes aware that the client poses a threat to someone's safety, they have an ethical and legal obligation to disclose this information to protect potential victims. This duty overrides any client-therapist confidentiality or the need to set boundaries in the therapeutic relationship.

Attribution refers to the reason behind a person's action. It involves understanding and assigning causes to the behaviors of individuals. By attributing actions to specific reasons, we can gain insights into people's motivations, intentions, and beliefs. This understanding of attribution helps us make sense of human behavior and can be useful in various contexts, such as psychology, sociology, and communication.