Immune System (Exam Mode) By Rnpedia.Com

Acute coronary syndrome is the correct answer because it refers to a group of conditions that involve reduced blood flow to the heart, such as unstable angina and myocardial infarction. These conditions can lead to the formation of blood clots, which can then cause a stroke if they travel to the brain and block blood flow. Therefore, individuals with acute coronary syndrome have an increased risk of stroke.

ARDS stands for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. It is a condition characterized by increased pulmonary permeability, leading to fluid entering the lung space. This results in difficulty breathing and can be life-threatening. Acute coronary syndrome refers to a group of conditions that cause decreased blood flow to the heart, while Budd-Chiari syndrome is a liver disorder. DiGeorge's syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the development of several body systems.

Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by the presence of arthritis and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). It is commonly found in females. Reiter's syndrome is associated with arthritis, but not xerophthalmia, and can affect both males and females. Kartagener's syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory tract and causes infertility, but it does not involve arthritis or xerophthalmia. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a connective tissue disorder and does not present with arthritis or xerophthalmia. Therefore, the correct answer is Sjogren's syndrome.

Angelman's syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by developmental delays, intellectual disability, and a happy demeanor. It is caused by a deletion or inactivation of genes on the maternal chromosome 15. This syndrome is referred to as a maternal genetic phenotype syndrome because it is specifically associated with abnormalities in the genetic material inherited from the mother. The other syndromes listed, Brown-Sequard syndrome, Thoracic outlet syndrome, and Goodpasture's syndrome, do not have a maternal genetic component and are not related to specific genetic abnormalities.

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a condition characterized by the blockage or occlusion of the hepatic veins, which are responsible for draining blood from the liver. This blockage can lead to the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, known as ascites, and cause abdominal pain. Therefore, Budd-Chiari syndrome is the correct answer for the given symptoms of abdominal pain, ascites, and hepatic vein occlusions.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is the correct answer because it is characterized by elevated IgA levels and thrombocytopenia. This syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects the immune system and blood clotting. It is caused by a mutation in the WAS gene, which leads to defective platelet function and increased susceptibility to infections.

Reiter's syndrome corresponds to the presence of arthritis and is commonly found in males. This syndrome is characterized by the triad of arthritis, uveitis, and urethritis. It is often triggered by a bacterial infection, most commonly a sexually transmitted infection or a gastrointestinal infection. The syndrome predominantly affects males, with symptoms including joint pain, eye inflammation, and urinary tract symptoms. Therefore, Reiter's syndrome is the correct answer in this case.

Edward's syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. This results in various physical and intellectual disabilities. The syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial features, heart defects, growth delays, and organ abnormalities. Individuals with Edward's syndrome often have a shortened lifespan and may experience severe developmental and medical challenges.

Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antibodies that attack both the kidneys and lungs. This results in the development of glomerulonephritis, which causes hematuria (blood in the urine), and pulmonary dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Therefore, Goodpasture's syndrome is the correct answer that corresponds to the given symptoms.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is the correct answer because it is characterized by the compression of the nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet area, which is located between the collarbone and the first rib. This compression can result in symptoms such as weakness in the hand muscles, as well as pain, numbness, and tingling in the arm and hand. C8/T1 nerve involvement refers to the nerves that originate from the eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal segments, which are affected in thoracic outlet syndrome.

Patau's syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, is a chromosomal disorder characterized by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 13. This results in various physical and developmental abnormalities. The syndrome is associated with severe intellectual disability, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, and other physical malformations. It is named after the physician Klaus Patau, who first described the syndrome in 1960.

Kartagener's syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by immotile sperm and reoccurring sinusitis. It is caused by a defect in the structure of cilia, which leads to impaired movement of sperm and mucus in the respiratory tract. This syndrome is also associated with other symptoms such as bronchiectasis and situs inversus, where the organs are reversed from their normal positions. Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, Reiter's syndrome is a reactive arthritis caused by infection, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of connective tissue disorders.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome corresponds to poor liver excretion. This syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver's ability to transport bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, out of the liver and into the bile ducts for excretion. As a result, bilirubin builds up in the liver, causing jaundice. This syndrome is typically benign and does not cause any significant liver dysfunction or long-term health problems.

Carcinoid syndrome is the correct answer because it is characterized by the presence of tumors called carcinoids that secrete hormones, including serotonin. These tumors can cause right-sided valvular disease, specifically affecting the tricuspid valve, leading to regurgitation or stenosis. Additionally, carcinoid tumors can produce serotonin, which can cause diarrhea as one of its symptoms. Therefore, the combination of right-sided valvular disease and diarrhea points to Carcinoid syndrome.

Brown-Sequard syndrome is characterized by the presence of ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral spinothalmic tract damage. This syndrome occurs due to a hemisection or damage to one side of the spinal cord. The motor loss on the same side as the injury is caused by damage to the corticospinal tract, while the contralateral spinothalmic tract damage leads to loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of the body. This syndrome can result from trauma, tumors, or other spinal cord lesions.

Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a chromosomal deficit of #5, specifically a deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 5. This syndrome is characterized by a high-pitched cry resembling that of a cat, intellectual disability, developmental delays, and distinctive facial features. Therefore, the correct answer is Cri-du-chat syndrome.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that is characterized by excessive joint movement and loose, stretchy skin. This syndrome is caused by defects in collagen, which is a protein that provides strength and elasticity to the skin, joints, and other tissues. As a result, individuals with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may experience hypermobility in their joints, making them more prone to dislocations and injuries. The loose skin is also a common feature of this syndrome, as the lack of collagen leads to decreased skin elasticity. Reiter's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, and Kartagener's syndrome do not typically present with these specific symptoms.

Fanconi's syndrome is a disorder characterized by the malfunctioning of the proximal renal tubules in the kidneys. It can be caused by various factors, including high doses of Tetracyclines, which are a class of antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections. These drugs can lead to damage to the renal tubules, resulting in impaired reabsorption of essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes. This explanation aligns with the given correct answer, which states that Fanconi's syndrome can be caused by high doses of Tetracyclines.

DiGeorge's syndrome is the correct answer because it is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. These pouches play a crucial role in the development of various structures in the head and neck, including the thymus and parathyroid glands. Individuals with DiGeorge's syndrome often have underdeveloped or absent thymus and parathyroid glands, leading to immune system and calcium regulation problems.

Job's syndrome, also known as hyper-IgE syndrome, is characterized by a failure of neutrophils to generate an immune response and elevated IgE levels. This condition is caused by a mutation in the STAT3 gene, which leads to impaired production of certain immune system cells. Patients with Job's syndrome often experience recurrent skin and lung infections, as well as a variety of other symptoms including eczema, skeletal abnormalities, and dental problems.