2(A) How To Read Academic Research

Google Scholar is the correct answer because it is a specialized search engine that focuses on academic research. It indexes a wide range of scholarly literature, including articles, theses, books, conference papers, and more. It provides access to a vast number of documents from various disciplines, making it an ideal choice for academic searches.

A relationship of high significance but tiny magnitude may not have any practical importance because even if the relationship exists, the effect of the relationship might be so small that it is not considered significant or impactful. In practical terms, the small magnitude of the relationship means that it does not have a noticeable or meaningful effect, leading to the lack of practical importance.

When conducting multiple statistical tests, the probability of obtaining a significant result by chance increases. This is known as the problem of multiple comparisons. In this scenario, the researcher tested 100 variables but only reported the results of the two variables that were statistically significant. By doing so, the researcher is cherry-picking the results and not accounting for the increased likelihood of obtaining false positives. Therefore, the associated p-values are not valid due to the statistical problem of multiple comparisons.

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A 95% confidence interval indicates that if you kept taking random samples, 95% of the time the true (population) value would appear inside the confidence interval associated with each sample. This means that there is a high probability that the true population value falls within the range of the confidence interval.

A statistically significant negative coefficient can suggest that the associated variable is negatively related to the outcome, that it has an opposite relationship with the outcome compared to a significant positive variable, and that it is probably more strongly negative in its association with the outcome compared to another variable with a much smaller negative coefficient but similar standard error. However, it does not necessarily imply that the associated variable causes the outcome, as correlation does not imply causation.

A p-value of less than .05 (p<.05 indicates that there is less than a chance the observed result was due to random alone and not true difference in population. other words it suggests statistically significant provides evidence reject null hypothesis which states no between groups being compared. therefore correct answer caused by an unusual sample where actual difference.>

When analyzing 100 random variables with inferential statistics, we would expect only about 5 of them to be statistically significantly associated with a random outcome. This is because statistically significant associations are not common and usually occur by chance in a small proportion of cases. Therefore, it is unlikely that all or none of the variables would be statistically significant, and the number is typically around 5 in a random sample of 100 variables.

An insignificant p-value indicates that the observed difference between the two groups in the sample is not statistically significant. This means that the difference could have easily occurred by chance, even if the two population groups were actually the same. Therefore, the correct answer is that the two groups do not differ in the population.

An unacceptable interpretation of a statistically non-significant variable is that the population groups that differ based on this item do not differ in the outcome variable. This interpretation is incorrect because a statistically non-significant result does not necessarily mean that there is no difference between the groups. It simply means that the study did not find enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference.

Statistical significance tells us the likelihood that the association found was not the result of a random sample from a population where there is no underlying association. In other words, it helps determine if the observed association is likely to be a true effect rather than a chance occurrence.