1st Year Physiology Quiz Exam!

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1. What is likely to delay wound healing

Explanation

All of the above factors are likely to delay wound healing. Chronic illness can weaken the body's immune system and hinder the healing process. Poor nutritional status can lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients needed for wound healing. Infection can cause inflammation and further damage to the wound. Peripheral vascular disease can restrict blood flow to the wound, impairing the delivery of oxygen and nutrients necessary for healing. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to delayed wound healing.

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About This Quiz
1st Year Physiology Quiz Exam! - Quiz

Since you are a first-year physiology student, you must have been introduced to the basics of physiology. Do you believe that you were super attentive in class? The... see morequiz below is based on basic cell epithelial and connective tissue, AP, nerves, muscle, brain, and blood. Give it a shot and test what you understood throughout your first year on the subject.
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2. The cell organelle that releases energy from food molecules and transform energy into a usable form. Site of aerobic respiration

Explanation

Mitochondria are the cell organelles responsible for releasing energy from food molecules and transforming it into a usable form. They are the site of aerobic respiration, where glucose and oxygen are converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria have an outer membrane and an inner membrane with folds called cristae, which provide a large surface area for the chemical reactions involved in energy production. This process occurs through a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which take place in the mitochondria's matrix and inner membrane, respectively.

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3. Molecules or ions moving from regions of higher concentration towards regions of lower concentration. Requires no energy

Explanation

Diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. This process does not require any energy. In the context of the given options, diffusion is the most appropriate explanation as it aligns with the description provided. Lysosomes, active transport, and the cell membrane are not directly related to the movement of molecules or ions from higher to lower concentration without the need for energy.

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4. Starting from top of spinal cord in what order do different regions of cord occur

Explanation

The regions of the spinal cord occur in a specific order, starting from the top. The correct order is cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. This means that the cervical region is located at the top of the spinal cord, followed by the thoracic region, then the lumbar region, and finally the sacral region.

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5. Arrange in correct sequence for reflex arc
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. integration centre
4. effectors
5 receptors

Explanation

The correct sequence for a reflex arc is as follows: first, the receptors detect a stimulus and send signals to the sensory neurons (5,1). Then, the sensory neurons carry the signals to the integration center, which processes the information (3). Next, the integration center sends signals to the motor neurons (2), which in turn transmit the signals to the effectors (muscles or glands) (4). Finally, the effectors respond to the signals and produce a reflex action.

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6. List 4 signs of inflammation?  

Explanation

The correct answer is redness, pain, heat, and swelling. These signs are commonly associated with inflammation. Redness occurs due to increased blood flow to the affected area, pain is caused by the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings, heat is a result of increased blood flow and metabolic activity, and swelling is caused by the accumulation of fluid and immune cells.

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7. In most people the right cerebral hemisphere controls movement

Explanation

The right cerebral hemisphere primarily controls movement on the left side of the body. This is because the brain is cross-wired, meaning that the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa. Therefore, the right hemisphere controls movement on the left side of the body primarily.

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8. Which of the following requires energy derived from splitting of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to occur

Explanation

Active transport requires energy derived from splitting of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to occur. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that is used to drive the transport of molecules against their concentration gradient. This process is carried out by specific transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane, which undergo conformational changes to transport molecules across the membrane. This is in contrast to carrier-mediated (facilitated) diffusion, simple diffusion, and dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane, which do not require ATP energy.

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9. What are the special characteristics of epithelial cells

Explanation

Epithelial cells have several special characteristics. Firstly, they can regenerate, meaning they are capable of replacing damaged or lost cells. Secondly, all epithelial cells are attached to a basement membrane, which provides structural support. Additionally, epithelial cells have an apical or free surface, meaning they have one side exposed to the external environment or a body cavity. Lastly, epithelial cells are closely packed together, forming a continuous layer of cells. Therefore, all of the given characteristics are true for epithelial cells.

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10. Name number 1

Explanation

The resting membrane potential refers to the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. This potential is maintained by the unequal distribution of ions, such as sodium and potassium, inside and outside the cell. When the cell receives a stimulus and reaches a threshold, sodium gates open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse into the cell. This depolarizes the membrane potential. Once the threshold is reached, sodium gates close and potassium gates open, allowing potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell. This repolarizes the membrane potential, restoring it to its resting state.

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11. This structure maintains integrity of the cell and controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell - made primarily of phospholipids.

Explanation

The cell membrane is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the cell and controlling the passage of materials into and out of the cell. It is primarily made up of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer that acts as a barrier. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids face inward, while the hydrophilic heads face outward, creating a selectively permeable membrane. This allows the cell to regulate the movement of molecules and ions, ensuring that only certain substances can enter or exit the cell.

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12. The cell organelle that digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells

Explanation

Lysosomes are cell organelles responsible for digesting worn-out cellular parts or substances that enter cells. They contain enzymes that break down these materials into smaller molecules, which can then be recycled or eliminated from the cell. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and removing waste products. They are often referred to as the "garbage disposal" or "recycling center" of the cell.

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13. A genotype that contains two different forms of a gene for a particular trait is called    

Explanation

A genotype that contains two different forms of a gene for a particular trait is called heterozygous. This means that the individual has inherited two different alleles for that particular gene, one from each parent. In this case, neither allele is dominant over the other, resulting in a heterozygous genotype.

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14. True or false  goblet cells are unicellular and secrete mucus

Explanation

Goblet cells are indeed unicellular and secrete mucus. These specialized cells are found in the epithelial lining of various organs, such as the respiratory tract and the intestines. Their main function is to produce and secrete mucus, which helps to protect and lubricate the surface of these organs. The mucus produced by goblet cells helps to trap foreign particles, such as dust and bacteria, and also aids in the movement of substances across the epithelial surface. Therefore, the statement "goblet cells are unicellular and secrete mucus" is true.

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15. The value of the resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell has what approximate value

Explanation

The resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell is approximately -70mV. This means that the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside. This negative charge is maintained by the balance of ions across the cell membrane, with more sodium ions outside and more potassium ions inside. This potential is important for the cell's ability to generate and transmit electrical signals.

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16. Which of the following cells form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system

Explanation

Schwann cells form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system. Myelin sheaths are protective coverings that wrap around nerve fibers, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Oligodendrocytes, on the other hand, form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. Satellite cells are found in ganglia and provide support and nourishment to neurons. Astrocytes are star-shaped cells that provide support and maintain the environment for neurons in the central nervous system.

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17. Which is the largest part of the human brain?  

Explanation

The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving. It is divided into two hemispheres and is further divided into different lobes, each with specific functions. The cerebrum plays a crucial role in controlling voluntary movements, interpreting sensory information, and processing emotions. It is also involved in language processing, decision-making, and creativity.

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18. What are the names of the fibre types found in the connective tissue

Explanation

The correct answer is "all the above" because collagen, reticular, and elastic are all types of fibers found in connective tissue. Collagen fibers provide strength and support, reticular fibers provide a framework for organs and tissues, and elastic fibers allow tissues to stretch and recoil. Therefore, all three types of fibers are present in connective tissue.

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19. Which of the following cells is a phagocyte?  

Explanation

A macrophage is a type of phagocyte, which is a cell that can engulf and digest foreign particles, such as bacteria and dead cells. Other cells listed in the options, such as memory cells, B-lymphocytes, helper T-cells, and plasma cells, are not phagocytes.

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20. Sensory neurons are

Explanation

Sensory neurons are a type of neuron that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS). These neurons are also known as afferent neurons because they transmit information towards the CNS. Both statements A and B are correct because sensory neurons not only carry impulses to the CNS but also function as afferent neurons.

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21. What sensory information is carried in the posterior or dorsal column pathway  

Explanation

The posterior or dorsal column pathway carries various sensory information, including pressure and vibration, proprioception, two-point discrimination, and discriminative touch. This pathway is responsible for transmitting these sensory signals from the body to the brain for processing and interpretation. Therefore, the correct answer is "all the above."

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22. True or false keratin carbohydrate

Explanation

Keratin is a protein, not a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, while keratin is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin. Therefore, the statement "keratin carbohydrate" is false.

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23. Molecules or ions are carried through membranes by other molecules from regions of lower concentration toward regions of higher concentration. Requires energy.

Explanation

Active transport is the correct answer because it involves the movement of molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration. This process requires the input of energy to drive the movement of molecules or ions across the membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, is the passive movement of molecules or ions from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, while osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

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24. This structure transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids.

Explanation

The correct answer is Endoplasmic Reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell that transports materials, provides attachment sites for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The other options listed, such as lysosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane, and ribosomes, have different functions and do not match the description given in the question.

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25. The resting menbrane potential depends mostly on the diffusion ions across the cells (tick 2)

Explanation

The resting membrane potential refers to the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. This potential is primarily determined by the diffusion of ions across the cell membrane. Among the given options, potassium and sodium ions play crucial roles in establishing the resting membrane potential. Potassium ions tend to leak out of the cell due to the concentration gradient, while sodium ions tend to leak into the cell. These ion movements create an electrical charge difference across the membrane, contributing to the resting membrane potential. Other ions listed, such as chloride, bicarbonate, and hydrogen, may also have some influence on the resting membrane potential but are not the primary contributors.

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26. A generic term for the "stuff" found OUTSIDE the cell.

Explanation

The correct answer is ecf, which stands for extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid refers to the fluid found outside the cell, including the fluid in the blood plasma. This term is used to describe the collective "stuff" that is present in the spaces between cells and organs in the body. It is an essential component for maintaining the balance of nutrients, electrolytes, and waste products in the body.

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27. What type of gland secretes hormones

Explanation

Endocrine glands are responsible for secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel to target cells or organs in the body, where they regulate various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands, which secrete substances through ducts, endocrine glands do not have ducts and release their hormones directly into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is endocrine.

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28. How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord

Explanation

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into different segments, and each segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is 31.

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29.   Mitosis always results in

Explanation

During mitosis, a single cell divides into two daughter cells. The purpose of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell. This means that the daughter cells will have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Therefore, the correct answer is that mitosis results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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30. During wound healing which type of cell produces collagen fibres

Explanation

During wound healing, fibroblasts are responsible for producing collagen fibers. Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support to tissues. Fibroblasts are connective tissue cells that play a crucial role in wound healing by migrating to the site of injury and synthesizing collagen. These cells are responsible for the production and organization of collagen fibers, which help to strengthen and repair the damaged tissue.

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31. This structure packages protein molecules for transport and secretion

Explanation

The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for packaging and modifying protein molecules for transport and secretion. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and further modifies them by adding sugars and lipids. The Golgi Apparatus then packages these modified proteins into vesicles and sends them to their final destination, either within the cell or outside of it. Therefore, the Golgi Apparatus is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in the transportation and secretion of protein molecules.

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32. This structure is the site of protein synthesis.

Explanation

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, making them the correct answer to this question. They are small structures found in cells that are involved in translating genetic information from DNA into proteins. Ribosomes can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and they can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. These tiny structures play a crucial role in building proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions and processes. Therefore, the structure described in the question is the ribosome.

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33. The vagus nerve is the ----------- cranial nerve  

Explanation

The vagus nerve is the 10th cranial nerve. It is the longest and most complex cranial nerve in the body, extending from the brainstem to the abdomen. It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. The vagus nerve also helps in controlling vocal cords and swallowing muscles.

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34.  Meiosis  

Explanation

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It involves the formation of gametes, such as sperm and eggs, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process ensures genetic variation by shuffling and recombining genetic material through crossing over and independent assortment. As a result, offspring inherit a unique combination of genes from their parents, leading to genetic diversity within a population. Therefore, meiosis assures genetic variation.

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35. Cells that are particularly effective at destroying cancer cells are:      

Explanation

Cytotoxic T-cells, also known as killer T-cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response against cancer cells. These cells are able to recognize and destroy cancer cells by releasing toxic substances, such as perforin and granzymes, which induce cell death. Cytotoxic T-cells are highly specialized and have the ability to target and eliminate cancer cells specifically, making them particularly effective in fighting against cancer.

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36. In order to enter many body cells, glucose must bind to a specific membrane transport protein which assist glucose to cross the membrane without using ATP. this type of movement is called

Explanation

Glucose enters many body cells by binding to a specific membrane transport protein, which helps it cross the membrane without using ATP. This type of movement is called facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, the transport protein acts as a channel or carrier to facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane, down their concentration gradient. This process does not require energy expenditure and is different from active transport, which requires ATP.

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37.  The phase of mitosis in which the single stranded chromosomes move to opposite sites of the cell is ?

Explanation

Anaphase is the correct answer because it is the phase of mitosis where the single stranded chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. This is achieved through the contraction of spindle fibers, which pull the chromosomes towards the poles of the cell. Once the chromosomes have been fully separated, the cell proceeds to telophase, where two new nuclei form around the separated chromosomes.

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38. Which of the following is a sex-linked trait?  

Explanation

Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait because it is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome. Since males only have one X chromosome, they are more likely to inherit the condition if their mother is a carrier. Females can also be carriers of hemophilia if they inherit the mutated gene from both parents. Cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, Huntington's disease, and sickle cell anemia are not sex-linked traits as they are caused by mutations on non-sex chromosomes.

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39.    B-cells:  

Explanation

B-cells are a type of lymphocyte that develop into plasma cells and memory cells. They play a crucial role in establishing antibody-mediated immunity. B-cells develop from primitive stem cells in the bone marrow. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct.

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40.  Which of the following is a form of natural passive immunity?  

Explanation

Natural passive immunity occurs when an individual receives pre-formed antibodies from another source, such as through maternal transfer. In this case, the infant receives protection through its mother's milk, which contains antibodies that the mother has produced in response to previous infections or vaccinations. This provides temporary immunity to the infant until their own immune system develops. The other options do not involve the transfer of pre-formed antibodies and therefore do not represent natural passive immunity.

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41. Which of the following is inaccurate

Explanation

The given answer is accurate because there are actually only 4 pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves, not 5. The coccygeal nerves emerge from the bottom of the spinal cord and innervate the coccyx region.

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42. The vital centre for the control of heart beat, respiration and blood vessels diameter are located in the

Explanation

The brainstem is the correct answer because it contains the vital centers responsible for controlling essential functions such as heart rate, respiration, and the diameter of blood vessels. These centers include the medulla oblongata and the pons, which are located in the brainstem. The thalamus is involved in relaying sensory information, the cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, and the cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and balance. Therefore, the brainstem is specifically responsible for controlling the mentioned vital functions.

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43.   A foreign substance that elicits a specific immune response is called a (an):  

Explanation

A foreign substance that elicits a specific immune response is called an antigen. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, or other molecules that are recognized by the immune system as foreign. When antigens enter the body, they trigger the immune system to produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to and neutralize the antigens. Macrophages and phagocytes are types of immune cells that help to engulf and destroy foreign substances, but they do not specifically elicit an immune response. Interferons are proteins that are produced by cells in response to viral infections, but they are not specifically related to the immune response to foreign substances.

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44. Name number 9

Explanation

This question is asking for the name of the number 9 in relation to the given statements about sodium and potassium gates. The given statements mention that when sodium gates open, there is an IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential), and when potassium gates open, there is an EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential). Since the answer is EPSP, it can be inferred that the number 9 is associated with the opening of potassium gates, resulting in an EPSP.

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45. Alleles            

Explanation

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, meaning they are different versions of the same gene. They can have the same position on a pair of chromosomes, as they are located at the same locus. Additionally, alleles can affect the same trait, as different versions of a gene can result in variations in the expression of a particular characteristic. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations for alleles.

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46. Name number 3

Explanation

The resting membrane potential is the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. It is maintained by the uneven distribution of ions, such as sodium and potassium, inside and outside the cell. In this case, the correct answer suggests that sodium diffuses into the cell, which can disrupt the resting membrane potential and cause depolarization. This occurs when sodium gates open, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. This depolarization can lead to the opening of potassium gates and the subsequent diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell, further contributing to the change in membrane potential.

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47. The maturation of T-cells takes place in which of the following structures?    

Explanation

T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. The maturation of T-cells takes place in the thymus gland, which is a small organ located in the upper chest. The thymus is responsible for training T-cells to recognize and respond to specific pathogens, while also ensuring that they do not attack the body's own cells. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system. Therefore, the correct answer is thymus.

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48.  AIDS patients are more susceptible to infections than healthy people because the AIDS virus attacks:        

Explanation

AIDS patients are more susceptible to infections because the AIDS virus specifically attacks and destroys helper T-cells. Helper T-cells play a crucial role in the immune system by coordinating the immune response and activating other immune cells to fight off infections. Without enough functional helper T-cells, the immune system becomes weakened and unable to effectively defend against pathogens, making AIDS patients more susceptible to infections.

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49. Which one of the following statements concerning diffusion is not true

Explanation

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50. Name number 4


Explanation

When the resting membrane potential reaches a threshold, it indicates that the cell is ready to generate an action potential. In this phase, the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open. This allows potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell, which leads to hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization is a change in the membrane potential where it becomes more negative than the resting potential. Therefore, the correct answer is Sodium Gates Close/Potassium Gates Open.

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51. With reference to blood supply to the brain what proportion of the cardiac output does the brain receive?

Explanation

The brain receives approximately 20% of the cardiac output. This means that out of the total amount of blood pumped by the heart, 20% of it is directed towards supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain. The brain is a highly metabolically active organ and requires a constant supply of blood to function properly. The brain's high demand for blood is due to its role in controlling various bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis.

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52. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of pacinian corpuscle

Explanation

The pacinian corpuscle is a rapidly adapting receptor, not a slowly adapting receptor. It consists of a layered structure resembling an onion and is responsible for detecting pressure. It is found subcutaneously in the skin.

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53. Ionic concentration gradients are maintained across the cell membrane because

Explanation

Ionic concentration gradients are maintained across the cell membrane because membrane pumps move different ions into and out of the cell. These pumps actively transport ions against their concentration gradients, using ATP energy. This process helps to establish and maintain a higher concentration of certain ions on one side of the membrane compared to the other. This concentration gradient is essential for various cellular processes, such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and nutrient uptake.

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54. The stage in mitosis where the nucleoli are disappearing and the chromosomes are appearing is called

Explanation

During prophase, the nucleoli start to disappear and the chromosomes become visible. This is the first stage of mitosis where the genetic material in the cell condenses and becomes more compact. The disappearance of nucleoli indicates the start of the breakdown of the nucleus, while the appearance of chromosomes signifies the condensation of DNA into visible structures. Therefore, prophase is the correct answer as it describes the stage where these changes occur.

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55. The following is a description of the function of which part of the brain. Coordination of movement and speech, control of balance and posture and control of eye movement  

Explanation

The given description matches the function of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and speech, controlling balance and posture, and controlling eye movement. It plays a crucial role in motor control and coordination.

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56.   Normal growth and repair of the body requires  

Explanation

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process by which cells divide and replicate, allowing for growth and repair in the body. During mitosis, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the development and maintenance of tissues and organs in the body. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a specialized cell division process that occurs in reproductive cells to produce gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes. Therefore, meiosis is not involved in the normal growth and repair of the body.

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57. Name number 2

Explanation

The given answer suggests that "reaching a threshold" is the correct explanation. This implies that the process described in the previous statements (potassium diffusing out of the cell, sodium diffusing into the cell, sodium gates closing/potassium gates opening) leads to a point where a threshold is reached. This threshold could refer to a certain level of membrane potential or activation that triggers a specific response or action in the cell.

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58. Sensory information from receptors in the body travel up the spinal cord to the brain along which main routes  

Explanation

Sensory information from receptors in the body travels up the spinal cord to the brain along two main routes: the spinothalamic tract and the posterior column tract. The spinothalamic tract carries information about pain, temperature, and crude touch, while the posterior column tract carries information about fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. These two routes are responsible for transmitting sensory information to different areas of the brain for processing and interpretation.

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59. Which of the following is requires a concentration gradient in order to occur

Explanation

All of the above options require a concentration gradient in order to occur. Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and this process relies on the presence of a concentration gradient. Similarly, dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane and carrier-mediated (facilitated) diffusion also require a concentration gradient for molecules to move across the membrane. Therefore, all of these processes depend on the existence of a concentration gradient.

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60. What becomes the poles of the cell to which chromosomes migrate during mitotic
 cell division  

Explanation

During mitotic cell division, the chromosomes migrate towards the poles of the cell. Centrioles are responsible for organizing the spindle fibers, which help in the movement of chromosomes. They are located near the nucleus and play a crucial role in ensuring the accurate separation of chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, centrioles become the poles of the cell to which chromosomes migrate during mitotic cell division.

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61. Interferon's:  

Explanation

Interferons are proteins that are produced by cells in response to viral infections. They play a crucial role in the immune response by protecting other cells from viral replication. When a virus enters the body, interferons are released and bind to neighboring cells, signaling them to activate antiviral defenses. This activation interferes with the ability of the virus to replicate, thus preventing its spread to other cells. Therefore, the correct answer is that interferons protect other cells by interfering with the ability of a virus to replicate.

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62. True of false: epithelial layers is penetrated by many blood vessels

Explanation

Epithelial layers are not penetrated by many blood vessels. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they lack blood vessels. Instead, they receive nutrients and oxygen through diffusion from nearby blood vessels in connective tissues. This is important for maintaining the functionality and integrity of epithelial layers. Therefore, the statement that epithelial layers are penetrated by many blood vessels is false.

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63. True or false: the matrix of connective tissue is found inside the cell

Explanation

The matrix of connective tissue is not found inside the cell. Connective tissue is made up of cells and extracellular matrix. The matrix is a non-living component that surrounds and supports the cells. It consists of proteins, such as collagen and elastin, as well as ground substance, which provides a gel-like consistency. The matrix is secreted by the cells and exists outside of them, serving to connect and protect the cells within the tissue. Therefore, the statement that the matrix of connective tissue is found inside the cell is false.

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64.  If the normal diploid number for a particular animal is 16: at the end of telophase of the second meiotic division how many chromosomes will be present in the cells that have undergone meiotic division?

Explanation

During meiosis, the diploid number of chromosomes is halved. In the first meiotic division, the number of chromosomes is reduced from 16 to 8. Then, in the second meiotic division, the sister chromatids are separated, resulting in four haploid cells. Therefore, at the end of telophase of the second meiotic division, each cell will have 8 chromosomes.

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65. A plasma cell is derived         

Explanation

A plasma cell is derived from a B-cell. B-cells are a type of white blood cell that are responsible for producing antibodies. When B-cells encounter an antigen, they differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete large amounts of antibodies to help fight off the infection. This process is an important part of the immune response and helps to eliminate pathogens from the body.

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66. Name number 6


Explanation

When the potassium gates open, it allows the movement of potassium ions out of the cell, causing the inside of the cell to become more negative or hyperpolarized. This hyperpolarization makes it more difficult for an action potential to be generated, reducing the excitability of the neuron. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperpolarized.

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67. Name number 5

Explanation

The given answer states that potassium diffuses out of the cell. This is because potassium gates open, allowing potassium ions to move from inside the cell to outside. This movement of potassium ions out of the cell helps to establish the resting membrane potential and plays a crucial role in maintaining cell function.

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68. What is NOT typical of healing by secondary intention  

Explanation

Healing by secondary intention involves the formation of granulation tissue to fill in the wound and promote healing. This process occurs when there is extensive tissue loss, which is not typical of healing by primary intention where the wound edges are closely approximated. Scarring is also a common outcome of healing by secondary intention. However, meiosis, the process of cell division that produces gametes, is unrelated to wound healing and does not occur in the context of secondary intention healing.

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69. Which of the following types of immunity is produced by receiving a vaccination?  

Explanation

Receiving a vaccination stimulates the body's immune system to produce a response, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells. This type of immunity is known as artificial active immunity because it is acquired through a deliberate action, such as receiving a vaccine, rather than naturally through exposure to a pathogen.

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70. Which of the following areas of the brain is often called the relay station for somatosensory information?  

Explanation

The thalamus is often referred to as the relay station for somatosensory information because it receives sensory signals from various parts of the body and then relays them to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further processing. It acts as a gateway, filtering and directing sensory information to ensure that only relevant signals reach the cortex. This helps in the perception and interpretation of touch, pain, temperature, and other somatosensory stimuli. The thalamus also plays a crucial role in regulating sleep and wakefulness, as well as controlling motor functions.

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71. True or false   The action potential (AP) on neuron A will split into four smaller action potentials prior to reaching neuron C.

Explanation

The statement is false because the action potential on neuron A does not split into four smaller action potentials prior to reaching neuron C. Action potentials are electrical signals that travel along the axon of a neuron, and they do not split or divide into multiple smaller signals. Instead, they propagate as a single, all-or-nothing event from the axon hillock to the axon terminals, where they can then transmit the signal to other neurons or target cells.

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72. Name numbers 5 and 6 (tick 2 )

Explanation

The correct answer is Sarcomere, Myosin. Sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction and consists of overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Myosin is a protein that forms cross-bridges with actin during muscle contraction. Therefore, both sarcomere and myosin are directly related to muscle contraction and are the correct answers.

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73. Recessive X-linked traits are  

Explanation

Recessive X-linked traits are more likely to be observed in males because they are inherited on the X chromosome. Males only have one X chromosome, so if they inherit a recessive trait on that chromosome, it will be expressed. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes. If they inherit a recessive trait on one X chromosome, they have another X chromosome that may have a dominant allele to mask the recessive trait. Therefore, recessive X-linked traits are less likely to be expressed in females.

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74.  Antibodies are produced by:  

Explanation

Plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins that are produced by plasma cells in response to the presence of antigens. When an antigen enters the body, plasma cells recognize it and produce antibodies that bind to the antigen, marking it for destruction by other immune cells. Helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-cells, macrophages, and monocytes are all important components of the immune system, but they do not directly produce antibodies.

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75. All of the following are non-specific responses to infection except:      

Explanation

Antibody formation is a specific response to infection, as it involves the production of antibodies that specifically target and neutralize the invading pathogens. Phagocytosis, inflammation, interferon, and fever are all non-specific responses to infection, as they are general defense mechanisms that are activated in response to a wide range of pathogens.

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76. Name number 1 and 2 (tick 2)

Explanation

The A Band and H Zone are both components of a muscle sarcomere. The A Band is a dark band that contains overlapping actin and myosin filaments, while the H Zone is a lighter region within the A Band that contains only myosin filaments. Therefore, selecting A Band and H Zone as the correct answers makes sense in the context of muscle anatomy.

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77. What cell type is LABILE  

Explanation

The term "labile" refers to a cell type that is capable of dividing and regenerating quickly. Epithelial cells are known for their high turnover rate and ability to rapidly divide and replace damaged or lost cells. Neurons, osteoblasts, cardiac myocytes, and hepatocytes are not typically considered labile cell types. Therefore, the correct answer is epithelial.

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78. The sensory receptors which participate in the knee jerk are

Explanation

Muscle spindles are the sensory receptors that participate in the knee jerk reflex. These specialized receptors are located within the muscle fibers and are responsible for detecting changes in muscle length and rate of change. When the knee is tapped, the muscle spindles are stimulated, sending sensory information to the spinal cord. This triggers a reflex response that causes the quadriceps muscle to contract, resulting in the knee jerk. Tendons, cutaneous receptors, and pressure receptors are not directly involved in the knee jerk reflex.

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79. A woman who is not colour blind but has an allele for colour blindness reproduces with a man who has normal colour vision. What is the chance they will have a colour blind daughter

Explanation

If a woman who is not color blind but carries the allele for color blindness reproduces with a man who has normal color vision, there is no chance they will have a color blind daughter. This is because color blindness is a recessive trait that is carried on the X chromosome. Since the woman is not color blind, it means she has at least one normal X chromosome. The man also has normal color vision, so he has two normal X chromosomes. Therefore, all of their daughters will inherit at least one normal X chromosome from each parent, making them not color blind.

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80.  Which of the following types of immunity is produced by an injection of antibodies that have been produced by another individual?     

Explanation

Artificial passive immunity is produced by an injection of antibodies that have been produced by another individual. In this type of immunity, ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen. This is different from natural active immunity, where the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination. Similarly, artificial active immunity is achieved through vaccination, where the body produces its own antibodies after exposure to a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen. Natural passive immunity occurs when a baby receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta or breast milk. Therefore, the correct answer is artificial passive immunity.

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81.    What is chromatin?  

Explanation

Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes. It consists of DNA molecules tightly coiled around proteins called histones. During cell division, the chromatin condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of two identical sister chromatids, which are the result of DNA replication. Therefore, chromatin can be described as 1/2 of a double stranded chromosome because it represents one of the sister chromatids before they separate during cell division.

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82. If the anterior root of the spinal nerve were cut what would be the result in the regions supplied by that spinal nerve.  

Explanation

If the anterior root of the spinal nerve is cut, it would result in a complete loss of movement in the regions supplied by that spinal nerve. The anterior root is responsible for carrying motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles, so if it is cut, the muscles will not receive any signals to contract, leading to a loss of movement. Sensation and autonomic control of blood vessels and sweat glands are not affected by cutting the anterior root, so they would still be intact.

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83. Cytokinesis usually starts during late -------------- and finishes during -------------  

Explanation

Cytokinesis is the process in which the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells. It typically begins during late anaphase, which is the stage of mitosis when the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. Cytokinesis then continues into telophase, which is the final stage of mitosis when the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes decondense. Therefore, the correct answer is anaphase and telophase.

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84.   Which of the following is a non-specific response to a viral infection?                

Explanation

Interferons are proteins that are released by infected cells as a response to viral infections. They have antiviral properties and help to inhibit viral replication. Unlike the other options listed, interferons are not specific to a particular virus or pathogen. They are part of the innate immune response and are produced in response to any viral infection. Therefore, the production and secretion of interferon is a non-specific response to a viral infection.

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85. True and false Even if the neurotransmitters secreted by neuron A are excitatory (EPSPs) - there will NOT be enough EPSPs to produce an action potential on neuron C. (Note: there is only one action potential on neuron A - also, for this question, pretend that neuron B does NOT exist.)    

Explanation

The statement is true because even if the neurotransmitters secreted by neuron A are excitatory (EPSPs), there will not be enough EPSPs to produce an action potential on neuron C. This is because there is only one action potential on neuron A, and without the presence of neuron B, the EPSPs from neuron A alone will not be sufficient to trigger an action potential on neuron C.

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86.  Name number 10

Explanation

The correct answer is IPSP. IPSP stands for inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which is a temporary hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane caused by the opening of potassium channels or chloride channels. This inhibitory signal decreases the likelihood of an action potential being generated in the postsynaptic neuron, thus reducing neuronal activity. The other options mentioned, such as hyperpolarized, EPSP, and sodium gates open, are not directly related to IPSP.

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87. Which nerve pathways convey impulses that maintain muscle tone and posture  

Explanation

The extrapyramidal pathway is responsible for maintaining muscle tone and posture. This pathway consists of various tracts that originate in the brainstem and project to the spinal cord. Unlike the corticospinal pathway, which is involved in voluntary movement, the extrapyramidal pathway controls involuntary movements and helps regulate muscle tone. The dorsal column pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information related to touch and proprioception, while the spinothalamic pathway carries pain and temperature sensations. Therefore, the extrapyramidal pathway is the most appropriate answer for this question.

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88. Which of the following facts concerning membrane pumps are TRUE

Explanation

Membrane pumps are proteins that are located in the cell membrane. They possess ATPase activity, meaning they use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to transport molecules across the membrane. These pumps can also be blocked by certain drugs, which can inhibit their function. This means that the drugs can prevent the pumps from transporting molecules across the membrane.

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89. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue

Explanation

Connective tissue is a type of tissue in the body that connects, supports, and protects other tissues and organs. It is composed of many different types of cells, has a large amount of intercellular material called the extracellular matrix, and has a good blood supply. However, one characteristic that is NOT associated with connective tissue is cells arranged closely together. Connective tissue cells are typically scattered within the extracellular matrix, with varying degrees of spacing between them.

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90. What type of epithelium lines the surface of the stomach and intestine
 s----------------  c-----------

Explanation

The correct answer is simple columnar. This type of epithelium is found in the lining of the stomach and intestine. Simple columnar epithelium is characterized by tall, elongated cells with nuclei located near the base of the cells. It provides protection and secretion, as well as absorption in the intestine. The tall shape of the cells allows for increased surface area, which is important for the absorption of nutrients in the intestine.

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91.    T-cells

Explanation

T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response. One of the functions of T-cells is to form memory cells, which are responsible for remembering specific pathogens that the body has encountered before. This allows the immune system to mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. Therefore, the correct answer is that T-cells form memory cells.

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92. Name 9 and 10 (tick 2)

Explanation

The correct answer is T and T System, Cross-Bridges. The T and T System refers to the transverse tubules, which are invaginations of the cell membrane in muscle fibers that help transmit electrical impulses for muscle contraction. Cross-Bridges, on the other hand, are the connections formed between the thick and thin filaments in a sarcomere during muscle contraction. Both T and T System and Cross-Bridges are important components involved in muscle contraction.

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93. What would be normal latency of the knee jerk

Explanation

The normal latency of the knee jerk refers to the time it takes for the reflex to occur after the stimulus is applied. A latency of 35ms suggests that the reflex response is relatively quick, as it occurs within a short time frame. This indicates that the neural pathways responsible for the knee jerk reflex are functioning efficiently, allowing for a rapid response.

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94. Name number 3 and 4 (tick 2 )

Explanation

The Z line is a structural protein that anchors the thin filaments in a sarcomere, while actin is a protein that makes up the thin filaments. Both of these components are important for the contraction of muscle fibers.

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95. Name the cartilage found in the spinal column 

Explanation

Fibrocartilage is the correct answer because it is the type of cartilage found in the spinal column. Fibrocartilage is a tough and dense connective tissue that provides support and absorbs shock in the spine. It is found in the intervertebral discs, which are located between the vertebrae in the spinal column. Fibrocartilage is characterized by its strong collagen fibers and ability to withstand compression, making it ideal for the spinal column's weight-bearing and protective functions.

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96. Name nubers 7 and 8 (tick 2)

Explanation

The correct answer is "Thin Filament" because in muscle contraction, the thin filament is responsible for sliding past the thick filament, causing the sarcomere to shorten and generate force. The thin filament is composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin, which work together to regulate muscle contraction. The other options listed (Cross-Bridges, T and T System, Sarcomere) are not directly related to the structure or function of the thin filament in muscle contraction.

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97. NAME NUMBER 8


Explanation

When the potassium gates open, it allows the flow of potassium ions out of the neuron, leading to hyperpolarization. This hyperpolarization makes the neuron less likely to fire an action potential, resulting in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). On the other hand, when the sodium gates open, it allows the flow of sodium ions into the neuron, leading to depolarization and the generation of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Therefore, the correct answer is potassium gates open.

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98. Name number 7

Explanation

When sodium gates open, it allows sodium ions to enter the cell, leading to depolarization. This can result in the generation of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which is a small depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. EPSPs can trigger an action potential and promote the firing of neurons. Therefore, the given answer suggests that when sodium gates open, it leads to the generation of an EPSP.

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99. What type of gland secretes oils

Explanation

Exocrine glands are responsible for secreting substances, such as oils, onto the surface of the skin or into body cavities. These glands have ducts that transport the secretions to the desired location. Therefore, the correct answer is "exocrine" because it accurately describes the type of gland that secretes oils.

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100. How would you categorised epithelial cells in different tissue
 s------------- L-----------------
s-------- L

Explanation

Epithelial cells can be categorized based on the number of layers they form in a tissue. A simple layer means that there is only one layer of epithelial cells, while a stratified layer means that there are multiple layers of epithelial cells.

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101. The 2 sub-type of epithelium are the
C-------- L------- and G-------

Explanation

The two sub-types of epithelium are covering, lining, and glandular. Epithelial tissues are classified based on their location and function in the body. Covering epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin and covers internal organs. Lining epithelium lines the cavities and tubes of the body, such as the digestive tract and blood vessels. Glandular epithelium is specialized for secretion and is found in glands throughout the body. These sub-types of epithelium serve different purposes and are adapted to their specific functions in the body.

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102. Ciliated epithelial can be found in the major ------ and f--------- t------- 

Explanation

Ciliated epithelial cells are found in the major airways of the respiratory system, such as the trachea and bronchi, where they help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs. They are also found in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system, where their cilia help to move the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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103. What type of epithelium lines the mouth and the skin
 s---------------- s------------ e----------------------

Explanation

The correct answer is stratified squamous cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in areas of the body that are subject to constant friction and abrasion, such as the mouth and the skin. This type of epithelium consists of multiple layers of flattened cells that provide protection against mechanical stress and injury. The outermost layer of cells continuously sheds and is replaced by new cells from the deeper layers, ensuring the maintenance of a healthy and intact barrier.

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What is likely to delay wound healing
The cell organelle that releases energy from food molecules and...
Molecules or ions moving from regions of higher concentration towards...
Starting from top of spinal cord in what order do different regions of...
Arrange in correct sequence for reflex arc1. sensory neurons2. motor...
List 4 signs of inflammation?  
In most people the right cerebral hemisphere controls movement
Which of the following requires energy derived from splitting of...
What are the special characteristics of epithelial cells
Name number 1
This structure maintains integrity of the cell and controls the...
The cell organelle that digest worn cellular parts or substances that...
A genotype that contains two different forms of a gene for a...
True or false  goblet cells are unicellular and secrete mucus
The value of the resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell...
Which of the following cells form myelin sheaths in the peripheral...
Which is the largest part of the human brain?  
What are the names of the fibre types found in the connective...
Which of the following cells is a phagocyte?  
Sensory neurons are
What sensory information is carried in the posterior or dorsal column...
True or false keratin carbohydrate
Molecules or ions are carried through membranes by other molecules...
This structure transports materials within the cell, provides...
The resting menbrane potential depends mostly on the diffusion ions...
A generic term for the "stuff" found OUTSIDE the cell.
What type of gland secretes hormones
How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord
  Mitosis always results in
During wound healing which type of cell produces collagen fibres
This structure packages protein molecules for transport and secretion
This structure is the site of protein synthesis.
The vagus nerve is the ----------- cranial nerve  
 Meiosis  
Cells that are particularly effective at destroying cancer cells are:...
In order to enter many body cells, glucose must bind to a specific...
 The phase of mitosis in which the single stranded chromosomes...
Which of the following is a sex-linked trait?  
   B-cells:  
 Which of the following is a form of natural passive immunity? ...
Which of the following is inaccurate
The vital centre for the control of heart beat, respiration and blood...
  A foreign substance that elicits a specific immune response is...
Name number 9
Alleles ...
Name number 3
The maturation of T-cells takes place in which of the following...
 AIDS patients are more susceptible to infections than healthy...
Which one of the following statements concerning diffusion is not true
Name number 4
With reference to blood supply to the brain what proportion of the...
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of pacinian corpuscle
Ionic concentration gradients are maintained across the cell membrane...
The stage in mitosis where the nucleoli are disappearing and the...
The following is a description of the function of which part of the...
  Normal growth and repair of the body requires  
Name number 2
Sensory information from receptors in the body travel up the spinal...
Which of the following is requires a concentration gradient in order...
What becomes the poles of the cell to which chromosomes migrate during...
Interferon's:  
True of false: epithelial layers is penetrated by many blood vessels
True or false: the matrix of connective tissue is found inside the...
 If the normal diploid number for a particular animal is 16: at...
A plasma cell is derived         
Name number 6
Name number 5
What is NOT typical of healing by secondary intention  
Which of the following types of immunity is produced by receiving a...
Which of the following areas of the brain is often called the relay...
True or false   The action potential (AP) on neuron A will...
Name numbers 5 and 6 (tick 2 )
Recessive X-linked traits are  
 Antibodies are produced by:  
All of the following are non-specific responses to infection except: ...
Name number 1 and 2 (tick 2)
What cell type is LABILE  
The sensory receptors which participate in the knee jerk are
A woman who is not colour blind but has an allele for colour blindness...
 Which of the following types of immunity is produced by an...
   What is chromatin?  
If the anterior root of the spinal nerve were cut what would be the...
Cytokinesis usually starts during late -------------- and finishes...
  Which of the following is a non-specific response to a viral...
True and false Even if the neurotransmitters secreted by neuron A...
 Name number 10
Which nerve pathways convey impulses that maintain muscle tone and...
Which of the following facts concerning membrane pumps are TRUE
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective...
What type of epithelium lines the surface of the stomach and...
   T-cells
Name 9 and 10 (tick 2)
What would be normal latency of the knee jerk
Name number 3 and 4 (tick 2 )
Name the cartilage found in the spinal column 
Name nubers 7 and 8 (tick 2)
NAME NUMBER 8
Name number 7
What type of gland secretes oils
How would you categorised epithelial cells in different...
The 2 sub-type of epithelium are theC-------- L------- and G-------
Ciliated epithelial can be found in the major ------ and...
What type of epithelium lines the mouth and the...
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